Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

differences also

  • 1 iron out

    transitive verb
    herausbügeln [Falten]; (flatten) glätten [Papier]; (fig.) beseitigen [Kurve, Unregelmäßigkeit]; aus dem Weg räumen [Schwierigkeit, Problem]
    * * *
    1) (to get rid of (creases etc) by ironing.) ausbügeln
    2) (to get rid of (difficulties etc) so that progress becomes easier.) glätten
    * * *
    vt
    ▪ to \iron out sth ⇆ out
    1. (press)
    to \iron out out a creased banknote einen zerknitterten Geldschein glätten
    to \iron out out the collar of a shirt einen Hemdkragen ausbügeln
    to \iron out out a crease eine Falte glatt bügeln [o ausbügeln
    to \iron out out difficulties Schwierigkeiten aus der Welt schaffen
    to \iron out out conflicting interests Interessengegensätze ausgleichen
    to \iron out out an awkward matter eine unangenehme Sache ausbügeln [o bereinigen]
    to \iron out out misunderstandings Missverständnisse beseitigen
    to \iron out out wrinkles Falten glätten
    * * *
    vt sep (lit, fig)
    ausbügeln; differences also ausgleichen; problems, difficulties also aus dem Weg räumen
    * * *
    transitive verb
    herausbügeln [Falten]; (flatten) glätten [Papier]; (fig.) beseitigen [Kurve, Unregelmäßigkeit]; aus dem Weg räumen [Schwierigkeit, Problem]
    * * *
    v.
    ausbügeln v.
    bereinigen (Mißverständnis) v.
    ins reine bringen ausdr.

    English-german dictionary > iron out

  • 2 sink

    1. noun
    Spülbecken, das; Spüle, die

    pour something down the sink — etwas in den Ausguss schütten

    2. intransitive verb,

    leave somebody to sink or swim — (fig.) jemanden seinem Schicksal überlassen

    2)

    sink into — (become immersed in) sinken in (+ Akk.); versinken in (+ Dat.); (penetrate) eindringen in (+ Akk.); (fig.): (be absorbed into) dringen in (+ Akk.) [Bewusstsein]

    sink into an armchair/the cushions — in einen Sessel/die Kissen sinken

    sink into a deep sleep/a coma — in einen tiefen Schlaf/in ein Koma sinken (geh.)

    be sunk in thought/despair — in Gedanken/in Verzweiflung (Akk.) versunken sein

    3) (come to lower level or pitch) sinken; (fig.): (fail) [Moral, Hoffnung:] sinken

    somebody's heart sinks/spirits sink — jemandes Stimmung sinkt

    sink to one's knees — auf die od. seine Knie sinken

    4) (fall) [Preis, Temperatur, Währung, Produktion usw.:] sinken

    sink in value — im Wert sinken

    3. transitive verb,
    sank or sunk, sunk
    1) versenken; (cause failure of) zunichte machen

    be sunk — (fig. coll.): (have failed) aufgeschmissen sein (ugs.)

    2) (lower) senken; (Golf) ins Loch schlagen [Ball]
    3) (dig) niederbringen; (recess) versenken; (embed) stoßen [Schwert, Messer]; graben (geh.) [Zähne, Klauen]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/91619/sink_in">sink in
    * * *
    [siŋk] 1. past tense - sank; verb
    1) (to (cause to) go down below the surface of water etc: The torpedo sank the battleship immediately; The ship sank in deep water.) versenken
    2) (to go down or become lower (slowly): The sun sank slowly behind the hills; Her voice sank to a whisper.), sinken
    3) (to (cause to) go deeply( into something): The ink sank into the paper; He sank his teeth into an apple.) sich senken
    4) ((of one's spirits etc) to become depressed or less hopeful: My heart sinks when I think of the difficulties ahead.) versinken; versenken
    5) (to invest (money): He sank all his savings in the business.)
    2. noun
    (a kind of basin with a drain and a water supply connected to it: He washed the dishes in the sink.)
    - sunken
    - be sunk
    - sink in
    * * *
    [sɪŋk]
    I. n
    1. (kitchen sink) Spüle f, Spülbecken nt, Abwaschbecken nt SCHWEIZ, SCHWEIZ a. Schüttstein m veraltend
    2. AM (washbasin) Waschbecken nt, Lavabo nt SCHWEIZ
    3. (cesspool) Senkgrube f
    4. (sewer) Abfluss m
    5. GEOL Senke f
    6. TELEC [Nachrichten]senke f
    II. vi
    <sank or sunk, sunk>
    1. (not float) untergehen, sinken
    will the cardboard box float or \sink? wird die Schachtel schwimmen oder untergehen?
    cork won't \sink Kork schwimmt [oben]
    2. (in mud, snow) einsinken
    3. (go downward) sinken; sun, moon versinken, untergehen
    the sun sank below the horizon die Sonne versank hinter dem Horizont
    to \sink to the bottom auf den Boden sinken; sediments sich akk auf dem Boden absetzen
    to \sink to the bottom of the table ( fig) ans Tabellenende rutschen
    4. (become lower) terrain absinken, abfallen
    5. (move to a lower position) surface, house, construction sich akk senken; (level also) sinken
    the level of the flood waters did not \sink for weeks der Hochwasserstand ging wochenlang nicht zurück
    6. (become limp) arm, head herabsinken; person umsinken
    to \sink to one's knees auf die Knie sinken
    to \sink to the ground zu Boden sinken
    7. (decrease) amount, value sinken; demand, sales, numbers also zurückgehen
    the pound sank two cents against the dollar das Pfund hat zwei Cent gegenüber dem Dollar verloren
    the yen sank to a new low against the dollar der Yen hat gegenüber dem Dollar einen neuen Tiefstand erreicht
    student numbers have sunk die Studentenzahlen sind zurückgegangen
    his voice sank to a whisper seine Stimme senkte sich zu einem leisen Flüstern
    9. (decline) standard, quality sinken, nachlassen; moral character sinken
    I didn't think he'd \sink so low ich hätte nicht gedacht, dass er so tief sinken würde
    you are \sinking to his level! du begibst dich auf das gleiche niedrige Niveau wie er!
    to \sink in sb's estimation [or esteem] in jds Achtung sinken
    10. (decline in health)
    ▪ to be \sinking [fast] [gesundheitlich] stark abbauen
    Mrs Jones is \sinking fast Mrs. Jones Zustand verschlechtert sich rapide
    11. (become hollow) cheeks einfallen
    to be sunk in thought/a book in Gedanken/ein Buch vertieft sein
    13.
    ▶ to be sunk in debt in Schulden stecken
    ▶ sb's heart \sinks (gets sadder) jdm wird das Herz schwer; (becomes discouraged) jd verliert den Mut, jdm rutscht das Herz in die Hose fam
    ▶ to leave sb/sth to \sink or swim jdn/etw seinem Schicksal überlassen
    I was left to \sink or swim ich war ganz auf mich [selbst] gestellt
    ▶ we \sink or swim together wir werden gemeinsam untergehen oder gemeinsam überleben
    ▶ sb's spirits \sink jds Stimmung sinkt [auf null]
    ▶ to \sink like a stone ein Schlag ins Wasser sein fig
    Jill's suggestion sank like a stone Jills Vorschlag stieß auf keinerlei Gegenliebe
    ▶ to \sink without trace ship mit Mann und Maus untergehen fam; person von der Bildfläche verschwinden fam
    III. vt
    <sank or sunk, sunk>
    1. (cause to submerge)
    ▪ to \sink sth etw versenken
    to \sink a ship ein Schiff versenken
    2. ( fig: ruin)
    ▪ to \sink sth etw zerstören, zunichtemachen
    to \sink plans/hopes Pläne/Hoffnungen zunichtemachen
    ▪ to \sink sth etw versenken
    to \sink a ball (into a hole) einen Ball einlochen; (into a pocket) einen Ball versenken
    to \sink the black/red die schwarze/rote Kugel versenken
    4. BRIT, AUS ( fam: drink)
    to \sink a bottle of wine/a pint eine Flasche Wein/eine Halbe Bier hinunterspülen fam
    5. (pay off)
    to \sink a debt eine Schuld tilgen
    to \sink a fact eine Tatsache vertuschen
    7. (give up)
    to \sink a claim/one's pride einen Anspruch/seinen Stolz aufgeben
    8. (settle)
    to \sink one's differences/a controversy seine Differenzen/eine Streitigkeit beilegen
    to \sink a shaft MIN einen Schacht abteufen fachspr
    to \sink a well einen Brunnen bohren
    ▪ to \sink sth etw senken
    to \sink one's voice to a whisper seine Stimme zu einem Flüsterton senken
    11.
    ▶ to \sink one's worries in drink seinen Kummer im Alkohol ertränken
    * * *
    I [sɪŋk] pret sank, ptp sunk
    1. vt
    1) ship, object versenken
    2) (fig: ruin) theory zerstören; hopes zunichtemachen, zerstören
    3) shaft senken, teufen (spec); hole ausheben
    See:
    → well
    4) (Brit inf) drink hinunterschütten (inf), hinunterspülen (inf)
    5) teeth, claws schlagen
    6) differences begraben
    7)
    8) golf ball einlochen; billiard ball in das Loch treiben
    9) (= lower) eyes, voice, value of currency senken
    10)

    sunk in depression/despair — völlig deprimiert/verzweifelt

    2. vi
    1) person, object untergehen; (ship) untergehen, sinken

    if I go down I'll make sure you all sink with me — wenn es mich erwischt, werde ich euch alle mitreißen

    2) (= go down, subside) sinken; (sun) versinken; (voice) sich senken; (building, land etc) sich senken, absinken

    he sank up to his knees in the mud —

    to sink back into the cushions —

    the sun sank beneath the horizon —

    to sink into a deep sleep/into depression — in tiefen Schlaf/in Depressionen versinken

    my spirits or my heart sank at the sight of the work —

    3) (= deteriorate, lessen output, shares, standards) sinken
    II
    n
    Ausguss m; (in kitchen also) Spülbecken nt

    sink unit — Spültisch m, Spüle f

    sink of iniquity — Sündenpfuhl m, Stätte f des Lasters

    See:
    → kitchen sink
    * * *
    sink [sıŋk]
    A v/i prät sank [sæŋk], sunk [sʌŋk], pperf sunk [sʌŋk]
    1. sinken, untergehen (Schiff etc; auch Gestirn):
    sink or swim fig ganz egal, was passiert;
    leave sb to sink or swim fig jemanden seinem Schicksal oder sich selbst überlassen
    2. herabsinken (Kopf etc):
    sink into a chair in einen Sessel sinken;
    sink into the grave ins Grab sinken
    3. ver-, einsinken:
    4. sich senken:
    a) herabsinken (Dunkelheit, Wolke etc)
    b) abfallen (Gelände)
    c) einsinken (Haus, Grund)
    5. sinken, fallen (Preise, Wasserspiegel, Zahl etc)
    6. zusammen-, umsinken
    7. sink under erliegen (dat)
    8. (ein)dringen, (ein)sickern ( beide:
    into in akk)
    9. fig (into) (in jemandes Geist) eindringen, sich einprägen (dat):
    he allowed his words to sink in er ließ seine Worte wirken
    10. sink into fig in Ohnmacht, Schlaf etc sinken
    11. nachlassen, abnehmen, schwächer werden (Sturm etc):
    the sinking flames die verlöschenden Flammen
    12. sich dem Ende nähern, schwächer werden (Kranker):
    the patient is sinking fast der Kranke verfällt zusehends
    13. sink into in Armut, Vergessenheit etc geraten, dem Laster etc verfallen
    14. (im Wert etc) sinken
    15. sich senken (Stimme, Blick): his voice sank to a whisper senkte sich zu einem Flüstern
    16. sinken (Mut):
    his heart sank ihn verließ der Mut, sein Mut sank; → boot1 A 1
    B v/t
    1. zum Sinken bringen
    2. a) ein Schiff etc versenken
    b) umg ein Getränk hinunterschütten
    3. ein Rohr etc ver-, einsenken
    4. eine Grube etc ausheben, einen Brunnen, ein Loch bohren:
    sink a shaft (Bergbau) einen Schacht abteufen
    5. TECH
    a) einlassen, -betten
    b) eingravieren, -schneiden
    c) einen Stempel schneiden
    6. den Wasserspiegel etc, auch einen Preis, einen Wert senken
    7. den Blick, Kopf, auch die Stimme senken:
    sink one’s head on one’s chest den Kopf auf die Brust sinken lassen
    8. (im Preis oder Wert) herabsetzen
    9. vermindern, -ringern
    10. fig das Niveau, den Stand herabdrücken
    11. a) zugrunde richten, ruinieren:
    we are sunk umg wir sind erledigt oder geliefert
    b) einen Plan etc zum Scheitern bringen
    12. eine Tatsache etc verheimlichen, vertuschen
    13. sich hinwegsetzen über (akk):
    sink one’s differences den Streit begraben oder beilegen
    14. Geld, Arbeit etc investieren (in, into in akk)
    15. WIRTSCH eine Schuld tilgen
    16. einen Anspruch, Namen etc aufgeben
    C s
    1. Ausguss(becken) m(n), Spülbecken n, Spüle f (in der Küche):
    go down the sink fig umg zum Teufel gehen, flöten gehen;
    sink tidy Abflusssieb n
    2. Abfluss m, Abwasserrohr n
    3. fig Pfuhl m, Sumpf m:
    a) ein Sündenpfuhl,
    b) eine Lasterhöhle
    4. GEOL
    a) Bodensenke f
    b) Endsee m, Binnendelta n
    c) Erosionstrichter m
    5. THEAT Versenkung f
    * * *
    1. noun
    Spülbecken, das; Spüle, die
    2. intransitive verb,

    leave somebody to sink or swim — (fig.) jemanden seinem Schicksal überlassen

    2)

    sink into — (become immersed in) sinken in (+ Akk.); versinken in (+ Dat.); (penetrate) eindringen in (+ Akk.); (fig.): (be absorbed into) dringen in (+ Akk.) [Bewusstsein]

    sink into an armchair/the cushions — in einen Sessel/die Kissen sinken

    sink into a deep sleep/a coma — in einen tiefen Schlaf/in ein Koma sinken (geh.)

    be sunk in thought/despair — in Gedanken/in Verzweiflung (Akk.) versunken sein

    3) (come to lower level or pitch) sinken; (fig.): (fail) [Moral, Hoffnung:] sinken

    somebody's heart sinks/spirits sink — jemandes Stimmung sinkt

    sink to one's knees — auf die od. seine Knie sinken

    4) (fall) [Preis, Temperatur, Währung, Produktion usw.:] sinken
    3. transitive verb,
    sank or sunk, sunk
    1) versenken; (cause failure of) zunichte machen

    be sunk — (fig. coll.): (have failed) aufgeschmissen sein (ugs.)

    2) (lower) senken; (Golf) ins Loch schlagen [Ball]
    3) (dig) niederbringen; (recess) versenken; (embed) stoßen [Schwert, Messer]; graben (geh.) [Zähne, Klauen]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Spültisch m. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: sank, sunk)
    = absacken v.
    absenken v.
    graben v.
    (§ p.,pp.: grub, gegraben)
    nachlassen v.
    sinken v.
    (§ p.,pp.: sank, ist gesunken) (•§ p.,pp.: sank, gesungen•)
    untergehen v.

    English-german dictionary > sink

  • 3 paper

    paper [ˈpeɪpər]
    1. noun
       a. papier m
    • a piece of paper ( = odd bit) un morceau de papier ; ( = sheet) une feuille de papier
    • the project is impressive on paper sur le papier, le projet est impressionnant
       b. ( = newspaper) journal m
       c. ( = set of exam questions) épreuve f écrite ; ( = student's written answers) copie f
       d. ( = scholarly work) (printed) article m ; (spoken) conférence f ; (in seminar by student) exposé m
       e. ( = wallpaper) papier m peint
    papers ( = documents) papiers mpl
    • show me your papers vos papiers, s'il vous plaît
    [+ room, walls] tapisser
    en papier ; [plate] en carton
    [+ differences, disagreements] passer sur
    * * *
    ['peɪpə(r)] 1.
    1) ( substance) ( for writing etc) papier m

    to get ou put something down on paper — mettre quelque chose par écrit

    it's a good idea on paper — fig c'est une bonne idée en théorie

    2) (also wallpaper) papier m peint
    3) ( newspaper) journal m
    4) ( scholarly article) article m (on sur); ( lecture) communication f (on sur); ( report) exposé m (on sur)
    5) ( examination) épreuve f (on de)
    6) Finance effet f de commerce
    2.
    papers plural noun Administration papiers mpl
    3.
    noun modifier
    1) lit [ bag, hat, handkerchief, napkin] en papier; [ plate, cup] en carton; [ industry] du papier; [ manufacture] de papier
    2) fig [ loss, profit] théorique; [ promise, agreement] sans valeur
    4.
    transitive verb (also wallpaper) tapisser [room, wall]
    5.
    ••

    English-French dictionary > paper

  • 4 settle

    1. transitive verb
    1) (place) (horizontally) [sorgfältig] legen; (vertically) [sorgfältig] stellen; (at an angle) [sorgfältig] lehnen

    he settled himself comfortably on the couch — er machte es sich (Dat.) auf der Couch bequem

    2) (establish) (in house or business) unterbringen; (in country or colony) ansiedeln [Volk]
    3) (determine, resolve) aushandeln, sich einigen auf [Preis]; beilegen [Streit, Konflikt, Meinungsverschiedenheit]; beseitigen, ausräumen [Zweifel, Bedenken]; entscheiden [Frage, Spiel]; regeln, in Ordnung bringen [Angelegenheit]

    that settles it — dann ist ja alles klar (ugs.); (expr. exasperation) jetzt reicht's! (ugs.)

    settle one's affairs — seine Angelegenheiten in Ordnung bringen; seinen Nachlass regeln

    4) (deal with, dispose of) fertig werden mit
    5) bezahlen, (geh.) begleichen [Rechnung, Betrag]; erfüllen [Forderung, Anspruch]; ausgleichen [Konto]
    6) (cause to sink) sich absetzen lassen [Bodensatz, Sand, Sediment]
    7) (calm) beruhigen [Nerven, Magen]
    8) (colonize) besiedeln
    9) (bestow)

    settle money/property on somebody — jemandem Geld/Besitz übereignen

    2. intransitive verb
    1) (become established) sich niederlassen; (as colonist) sich ansiedeln
    2) (end dispute) sich einigen
    3) (pay what is owed) abrechnen
    4) (in chair etc.) sich niederlassen; (to work etc.) sich konzentrieren (to auf + Akk.); (into way of life etc.) sich gewöhnen ( into an + Akk.)

    the snow/dust settled on the ground — der Schnee blieb liegen/der Staub setzte sich [am Boden] ab

    darkness/silence/fog settled over the village — Dunkelheit/Stille/Nebel legte od. senkte sich über das Dorf

    5) (subside) [Haus, Fundament, Boden:] sich senken; [Sediment:] sich ablagern
    6) (be digested) [Essen:] sich setzen; (become calm) [Magen:] sich beruhigen
    7) (become clear) [Wein, Bier:] sich klären
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/91431/settle_back">settle back
    * * *
    ['setl]
    1) (to place in a position of rest or comfort: I settled myself in the armchair.) sich niederlassen
    2) (to come to rest: Dust had settled on the books.) sich legen
    3) (to soothe: I gave him a pill to settle his nerves.) beruhigen
    4) (to go and live: Many Scots settled in New Zealand.) sich niederlassen
    5) (to reach a decision or agreement: Have you settled with the builders when they are to start work?; The dispute between management and employees is still not settled.) klären
    6) (to pay (a bill).) begleichen
    •
    - settlement
    - settler
    - settle down
    - settle in
    - settle on
    - settle up
    * * *
    set·tle
    [ˈsetl̩, AM ˈset̬l̩]
    I. vi
    1. (get comfortable) es sich dat bequem machen
    we \settled in front of the television wir machten es uns vor dem Fernseher bequem fam
    2. (calm down) person sich akk beruhigen; anger, excitement sich akk legen; weather beständig werden
    3. AUS, BRIT (apply oneself)
    ▪ to \settle to sth sich akk etw dat widmen
    to \settle to work sich akk an die Arbeit machen
    4. (end dispute) sich akk einigen
    ▪ to \settle on sth sich akk für etw akk entscheiden; (agree on) sich akk auf etw akk einigen
    to \settle on a name sich akk für einen Namen entscheiden
    ▪ to \settle for sth mit etw dat zufrieden sein
    I'll \settle for chicken and chips ich nehme Hähnchen mit Pommes frites
    6. ( form: pay) begleichen geh
    ▪ to \settle with sb mit jdm abrechnen [o fam Kasse machen
    7. (take up residence) sich akk niederlassen
    after they got married, they \settled in Brighton nach ihrer Hochzeit zogen sie nach Brighton
    8. (get used to)
    ▪ to \settle into sth sich akk an etw akk gewöhnen
    it took Ed a long time to \settle into living in London es dauerte lange, bis sich Ed an das Leben in London gewöhnt hatte
    9. (alight on surface) sich akk niederlassen; (build up) sich akk anhäufen [o ansammeln]; (sink) [ab]sinken; particles in liquid sich senken; house, wall, dust sich setzen
    do you think the snow will \settle? glaubst du, dass der Schnee liegen bleibt?
    a peaceful expression \settled on her face ( fig) ein friedlicher Ausdruck legte sich auf ihr Gesicht
    II. vt
    1. (calm down)
    ▪ to \settle sb/sth jdn/etw beruhigen
    to \settle the children for the night die Kinder für die Nacht zurechtmachen
    to \settle one's stomach seinen Magen beruhigen
    ▪ to \settle sth etw entscheiden; (deal with) etw regeln; (in writing) etw [schriftlich] festlegen
    it's been \settled that we'll spend Christmas at home wir haben vereinbart, Weihnachten zu Hause zu verbringen
    ▪ to \settle when/where/why... entscheiden, wann/wo/warum...
    to \settle the details of a contract die Einzelheiten eines Vertrags aushandeln
    3. (bring to conclusion)
    ▪ to \settle sth etw erledigen; (resolve) etw beilegen; business transaction abwickeln
    that \settles that damit hat sich das erledigt, und damit hat sich's! fam
    to \settle one's affairs ( form) seine Angelegenheiten regeln [o in Ordnung bringen]
    to \settle an argument [or a dispute] /differences einen Streit/Unstimmigkeiten beilegen
    to \settle a crisis/a problem eine Krise/ein Problem lösen
    to \settle a grievance einen Missstand beseitigen
    to \settle a lawsuit einen Prozess durch einen Vergleich beilegen
    to \settle a matter eine Angelegenheit regeln
    to \settle a strike einen Streik beenden
    ▪ to \settle sth etw begleichen geh
    ▪ to \settle sth on sb (bequeath) jdm etw hinterlassen [o vererben] [o fam vermachen]
    to \settle an account ein Konto ausgleichen
    to \settle money/property on sb jdm Geld/Besitz übertragen
    to \settle a place einen Ort besiedeln
    6. ECON
    to \settle a property in trust Eigentum einer Treuhänderschaft übertragen [o überschreiben]
    \settled property in Treuhänderschaft überschriebenes Eigentum
    7.
    ▶ to \settle an account [or a score] [or old scores] [with sb] [mit jdm] abrechnen fig
    * * *
    I ['setl]
    n
    (Wand)bank f II
    1. vt
    1) (= decide) entscheiden; (= sort out) regeln, erledigen; problem, question, points klären; dispute, differences, quarrel beilegen, schlichten; doubts ausräumen, beseitigen; date, place vereinbaren, ausmachen (inf); venue festlegen or -setzen; deal abschließen; price sich einigen auf (+acc), aushandeln; terms aushandeln

    the result of the game was settled in the first half — das Ergebnis des Spiels stand schon in der ersten Halbzeit fest

    that's settled then — das ist also klar or geregelt

    that settles it — damit wäre der Fall (ja wohl) erledigt; (angry) jetzt reichts

    2) (= pay) bill begleichen, bezahlen; account ausgleichen
    3) (= calm) nerves, stomach beruhigen

    we need rain to settle the dust — wir brauchen Regen, damit sich der Staub setzt

    4) (= place carefully) legen; (in upright position) stellen; (= make comfortable for sleep etc) child, invalid versorgen; pillow zurechtlegen

    to settle oneself comfortably in an armchair — es sich (dat) in einem Sessel bequem machen

    to settle oneself to doing sth — sich daranmachen, etw zu tun

    to settle one's gaze on sb/sth — seinen Blick auf jdm/etw ruhen lassen

    5) (= establish in house) unterbringen
    6)

    to settle sb into a house/job — jdm helfen, sich häuslich einzurichten/sich in eine Stellung einzugewöhnen

    See:
    7) (= colonize) land besiedeln; (= set up) people ansiedeln
    8) (form)

    to settle money/property on sb — jdm Geld/Besitz überschreiben or übertragen; (in will) jdm Geld/Besitz vermachen

    9) (inf

    = put an end to) I'll soon settle his nonsense —

    I'll soon settle him (verbally also) — dem werd ichs geben (inf) dem werd ich was erzählen (inf)

    that settled him! — da hatte er sein Fett weg (inf)

    2. vi
    1) (= put down roots) sesshaft werden; (in country, town, profession) sich niederlassen; (as settler) sich ansiedeln; (in house) sich häuslich niederlassen, sich einrichten; (= feel at home) (in house, town, country) sich einleben (into in +dat); (in job, surroundings) sich eingewöhnen (into in +dat)

    to settle into a habit — sich (dat) etw angewöhnen

    as he settled into middle age — als er älter und reifer wurde

    2) (= become less variable weather) beständig werden
    3) (= become calm child, matters, stomach) sich beruhigen; (panic, excitement) sich legen; (= become less excitable or restless) zur Ruhe kommen, ruhiger werden
    4) (= come to rest, sit down person, bird, insect) sich niederlassen or setzen; (dust) sich setzen or legen; (= sink slowly, subside, building, walls) sich senken; (ground, liquid, sediment, coffee grounds) sich setzen; (wine) sich beruhigen

    to settle comfortably in an armchair — es sich (dat) in einem Sessel gemütlich or bequem machen

    fog/silence settled over the city — Nebel/Stille legte sich über die Stadt or breitete sich über der Stadt aus

    See:
    → dust
    5) (JUR)

    to settle ( out of court) — sich vergleichen

    6) (= pay) bezahlen → also settle with
    See:
    → also settle with
    * * *
    settle1 [ˈsetl]
    A v/t
    1. vereinbaren, (gemeinsam) festsetzen, sich einigen auf (akk):
    it is as good as settled es ist so gut wie abgemacht; → hash1 C 3
    2. ein Zimmer etc richten, in Ordnung bringen
    3. auch settle up WIRTSCH erledigen, in Ordnung bringen, regeln:
    a) bezahlen, eine Rechnung etc auch begleichen
    b) ein Konto ausgleichen
    c) eine Transaktion etc abwickeln
    d) einen Anspruch befriedigen: → account C 1, book A 9
    4. a) Menschen ansiedeln, ansässig machen
    b) Land besiedeln, kolonisieren
    c) Handelsniederlassungen etc errichten, etablieren
    5. a) jemanden (beruflich, häuslich etc) etablieren, unterbringen
    b) ein Kind etc versorgen, ausstatten
    c) seine Tochter verheiraten
    6. die Füße, den Hut etc (fest) setzen (on auf akk)
    7. settle o.s. sich niederlassen (in in einen od einem Sessel etc; on auf einen od einem Stuhl)
    8. settle o.s. to sich an eine Arbeit etc machen, sich anschicken zu
    9. auch settle down jemanden, den Magen, die Nerven etc beruhigen
    10. den Boden, auch fig jemanden, den Glauben, die Ordnung festigen:
    settle a road eine Straße befestigen
    11. a) eine Institution etc gründen, aufbauen (on auf dat)
    b) eine Sprache regeln
    12. eine Frage etc klären, regeln, entscheiden, erledigen:
    a) damit ist der Fall erledigt,
    b) iron jetzt ist es endgültig aus
    13. a) einen Streit beilegen, schlichten: → court A 10
    14. umg jemanden fertigmachen, zum Schweigen bringen (auch weitS. töten)
    15. a) eine Flüssigkeit ablagern lassen, klären
    b) Trübstoffe sich setzen lassen
    16. den Inhalt eines Sackes etc sich setzen lassen, zusammenstauchen: shake the bag to settle the flour damit sich das Mehl setzt
    17. seine Angelegenheiten (vor dem Tod) ordnen, in Ordnung bringen, seinen Nachlass regeln
    18. (on, upon)
    a) den Besitz etc übertragen (dat oder auf akk)
    b) (letztwillig) vermachen (dat)
    c) ein Legat, eine Rente etc aussetzen (dat oder für)
    19. die Erbfolge regeln, bestimmen
    B v/i
    1. → A 7:
    settle back sich (gemütlich) zurücklehnen
    2. a) sich ansiedeln oder niederlassen (in in dat)
    b) settle in sich einrichten
    c) settle in sich einleben, sich eingewöhnen:
    settle into a new job sich an einem neuen Arbeitsplatz eingewöhnen
    a) sich niederlassen (in in dat),
    b) sich (häuslich) niederlassen (in in dat),
    c) auch marry and settle down einen Hausstand gründen
    d) sesshaft werden, zur Ruhe kommen
    e) es sich gemütlich machen
    4. meist settle down fig sich legen (Zorn etc), (auch Person) sich beruhigen
    5. settle down to sich widmen (dat), sich an eine Arbeit etc machen
    6. settle on fallen auf (akk), sich zuwenden (dat), sich konzentrieren auf (akk):
    7. MED sich festsetzen (on, in in dat), sich legen (on auf akk)
    8. beständig(er) werden (Wetter):
    it settled in for rain es regnete sich ein;
    it is settling for a frost es wird Frost geben
    9. sich senken oder setzen (Grundmauern etc)
    10. auch settle down SCHIFF langsam absacken (Schiff)
    11. sich setzen (Trübstoffe), sich (ab)klären (Flüssigkeit)
    12. sich legen (Staub)
    13. sich einigen:
    settle (up)on
    a) sich entscheiden für, sich entschließen zu,
    b) sich einigen auf (akk); → court A 10
    a) sich zufriedengeben mit, sich begnügen mit,
    b) sich abfinden mit
    15. eine Vereinbarung treffen
    a) zahlen,
    b) abrechnen ( with mit) (a. fig)
    a) abrechnen mit (a. fig),
    b) WIRTSCH einen Vergleich schließen mit,
    c) WIRTSCH einen Gläubiger abfinden
    settle2 [ˈsetl] s Sitz-, Ruhebank f (mit hoher Rückenlehne)
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1) (place) (horizontally) [sorgfältig] legen; (vertically) [sorgfältig] stellen; (at an angle) [sorgfältig] lehnen
    3) (determine, resolve) aushandeln, sich einigen auf [Preis]; beilegen [Streit, Konflikt, Meinungsverschiedenheit]; beseitigen, ausräumen [Zweifel, Bedenken]; entscheiden [Frage, Spiel]; regeln, in Ordnung bringen [Angelegenheit]

    that settles it — dann ist ja alles klar (ugs.); (expr. exasperation) jetzt reicht's! (ugs.)

    settle one's affairs — seine Angelegenheiten in Ordnung bringen; seinen Nachlass regeln

    4) (deal with, dispose of) fertig werden mit
    5) bezahlen, (geh.) begleichen [Rechnung, Betrag]; erfüllen [Forderung, Anspruch]; ausgleichen [Konto]
    6) (cause to sink) sich absetzen lassen [Bodensatz, Sand, Sediment]
    7) (calm) beruhigen [Nerven, Magen]
    8) (colonize) besiedeln

    settle money/property on somebody — jemandem Geld/Besitz übereignen

    2. intransitive verb
    1) (become established) sich niederlassen; (as colonist) sich ansiedeln
    2) (end dispute) sich einigen
    3) (pay what is owed) abrechnen
    4) (in chair etc.) sich niederlassen; (to work etc.) sich konzentrieren (to auf + Akk.); (into way of life etc.) sich gewöhnen ( into an + Akk.)

    the snow/dust settled on the ground — der Schnee blieb liegen/der Staub setzte sich [am Boden] ab

    darkness/silence/fog settled over the village — Dunkelheit/Stille/Nebel legte od. senkte sich über das Dorf

    5) (subside) [Haus, Fundament, Boden:] sich senken; [Sediment:] sich ablagern
    6) (be digested) [Essen:] sich setzen; (become calm) [Magen:] sich beruhigen
    7) (become clear) [Wein, Bier:] sich klären
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    v.
    abmachen v.
    bereinigen (Konto) v.
    bereinigen (Streit) v.
    besiedeln v.
    sich einen Wohnsitz nehmen ausdr.
    sich niederlassen v.

    English-german dictionary > settle

  • 5 set

    set [set]
    jeu ⇒ 1 (a) série ⇒ 1 (a) ensemble ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c) cercle ⇒ 1 (b) appareil ⇒ 1 (d) poste ⇒ 1 (d) set ⇒ 1 (e) fixe ⇒ 2 (a) arrêté ⇒ 2 (b) figé ⇒ 2 (b) résolu ⇒ 2 (c) prêt ⇒ 2 (d) mettre ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (c), 3 (d) poser ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (c), 3 (e), 3 (i) situer ⇒ 3 (b) régler ⇒ 3 (c) fixer ⇒ 3 (f), 3 (i) établir ⇒ 3 (f) faire prendre ⇒ 3 (h) se coucher ⇒ 4 (a) prendre ⇒ 4 (b)
    (pt & pp set, cont setting)
    1 noun
    (a) (of tools, keys, golf clubs, sails) jeu m; (of numbers, names, instructions, stamps, weights) série f; (of books) collection f; (of furniture) ensemble m; (of cutlery, dishes, glasses) service m; (of lingerie) parure f; (of wheels) train m; (of facts, conditions, characteristics, data) ensemble m; (of events, decisions, questions) série f, suite f; Typography (of proofs, characters) jeu m; Computing (of characters, instructions) jeu m, ensemble m;
    ∎ a set of matching luggage un ensemble de valises assorties;
    ∎ a set of table/bed linen une parure de table/de lit;
    ∎ a set of sheets une parure de lit;
    ∎ badminton/chess set jeu m de badminton/d'échecs;
    ∎ they're playing with Damian's train set ils jouent avec le train électrique de Damian;
    ∎ the cups/the chairs are sold in sets of six les tasses/les chaises sont vendues par six;
    ∎ I can't break up the set je ne peux pas les dépareiller;
    ∎ they make a set ils vont ensemble;
    ∎ to collect the (whole) set rassembler toute la collection, faire la collection;
    ∎ he made me a duplicate set (of keys) il m'a fait un double des clés; (of contact lenses) il m'en a fait une autre paire;
    ∎ a full set of the encyclopedia une encyclopédie complète;
    ∎ a full set of Tolstoy's works les œuvres complètes de Tolstoï;
    ∎ they've detected two sets of fingerprints ils ont relevé deux séries d'empreintes digitales ou les empreintes digitales de deux personnes;
    ∎ given another set of circumstances, things might have turned out differently dans d'autres circonstances, les choses auraient pu se passer différemment;
    ∎ the first set of reforms la première série ou le premier train de réformes;
    ∎ they ran a whole set of tests on me ils m'ont fait subir toute une série d'examens
    (b) (social group) cercle m, milieu m;
    ∎ he's not in our set il n'appartient pas à notre cercle;
    ∎ we don't go around in the same set nous ne fréquentons pas le même milieu ou monde;
    ∎ the riding/yachting set le monde ou milieu de l'équitation/du yachting;
    ∎ the literary set les milieux mpl littéraires;
    ∎ the Markham set Markham et ses amis
    (c) Mathematics ensemble m
    (d) (electrical device) appareil m; (radio, TV) poste m;
    ∎ a colour TV set un poste de télévision ou un téléviseur couleur
    (e) Sport set m, manche f;
    ∎ first set to Miss Williams set Williams
    (f) Cinema & Television plateau m; Theatre (stage) scène f; (scenery) décor m;
    ∎ on (the) set Cinema & Television sur le plateau; Theatre sur scène
    (g) (part of performance → by singer, group)
    ∎ he'll be playing two sets tonight il va jouer à deux reprises ce soir;
    ∎ her second set was livelier la deuxième partie de son spectacle a été plus animée
    (h) British School groupe m de niveau
    (i) (for hair) mise f en plis;
    ∎ to have a set se faire faire une mise en plis
    (j) (posture → of shoulders, body) position f, attitude f; (→ of head) port m;
    ∎ I could tell he was angry by the set of his jaw rien qu'à la façon dont il serrait les mâchoires, j'ai compris qu'il était en colère
    (k) (direction → of wind, current) direction f;
    ∎ suddenly the set of the wind changed le vent a tourné soudainement
    (m) Horticulture (seedling) semis m; (cutting) bouture f;
    ∎ tomato/tulip sets tomates fpl/tulipes fpl à repiquer
    (n) (clutch of eggs) couvée f
    (q) (of badger) terrier m
    (a) (specified, prescribed → rule, price, quantity, sum, wage) fixe;
    ∎ meals are at set times les repas sont servis à heures fixes;
    ∎ there are no set rules for raising children il n'y a pas de règles toutes faites pour l'éducation des enfants;
    ∎ the tasks must be done in the set order les tâches doivent être accomplies dans l'ordre prescrit;
    ∎ with no set purpose sans but précis
    (b) (fixed, rigid → ideas, views) arrêté; (→ smile, frown) figé;
    ∎ her day followed a set routine sa journée se déroulait selon un rituel immuable;
    ∎ he has a set way of doing it il a sa méthode pour le faire;
    ∎ to be set in one's ways avoir ses (petites) habitudes;
    ∎ to become set in one's views devenir rigide dans ses opinions
    (c) (intent, resolute) résolu, déterminé;
    ∎ to be set on or upon sth vouloir qch à tout prix;
    ∎ I'm (dead) set on finishing it tonight je suis (absolument) déterminé à le finir ce soir;
    ∎ he's dead set against it il s'y oppose formellement
    (d) (ready, in position) prêt;
    ∎ are you (all) set to go? êtes-vous prêt à partir?
    (e) (likely) probablement;
    ∎ he seems well set to win il semble être sur la bonne voie ou être bien parti pour gagner;
    ∎ house prices are set to rise steeply les prix de l'immobilier vont vraisemblablement monter en flèche
    (f) British School (book, subject) au programme;
    ∎ one of our set books is 'Oliver Twist' un des ouvrages au programme est 'Oliver Twist'
    ∎ he set his cases down on the platform il posa ses valises sur le quai;
    ∎ to set sth before sb (dish, glass) placer qch devant qn; (proposal, plan) présenter qch à qn;
    ∎ she set the steaming bowl before him elle plaça le bol fumant devant lui;
    ∎ to set a proposal before the board présenter un projet au conseil d'administration;
    ∎ to set sb on his/her feet again remettre qn sur pied;
    ∎ to set a match to sth mettre le feu à qch;
    ∎ to set sb ashore débarquer qn
    (b) (usu passive) (locate, situate → building, story) situer;
    ∎ the house is set in large grounds la maison est située dans un grand parc;
    ∎ his eyes are set too close together ses yeux sont trop rapprochés;
    ∎ the story is set in Tokyo l'histoire se passe ou se déroule à Tokyo;
    ∎ her novels are set in the 18th century ses romans se passent au XVIIIème siècle
    (c) (adjust → clock, mechanism) régler; (→ alarm) mettre; Computing (→ tabs, format) poser;
    ∎ I set my watch to New York time j'ai réglé ma montre à l'heure de New York;
    ∎ set your watches an hour ahead avancez vos montres d'une heure;
    ∎ he's so punctual you can set your watch by him! il est si ponctuel qu'on peut régler sa montre sur lui!;
    ∎ I've set the alarm for six j'ai mis le réveil à (sonner pour) six heures;
    ∎ how do I set the margins? comment est-ce que je fais pour placer les marges?;
    ∎ set the timer for one hour mettez le minuteur sur une heure;
    ∎ first set the control knob to the desired temperature mettez tout d'abord le bouton de réglage sur la température voulue;
    ∎ the lever was set in the off position le levier était sur "arrêt"
    (d) (fix into position) mettre, fixer; (jewel, diamond) sertir, monter;
    ∎ the handles are set into the drawers les poignées sont encastrées dans les tiroirs;
    ∎ there was a peephole set in the door il y avait un judas dans la porte;
    ∎ to set a stake in the ground enfoncer ou planter un pieu dans la terre;
    ∎ metal bars had been set in the concrete des barres en métal avaient été fixées dans le béton;
    ∎ the brooch was set with pearls la broche était sertie de perles;
    ∎ the ruby was set in a simple ring le rubis était monté sur un simple anneau;
    ∎ Medicine to set a bone réduire une fracture;
    ∎ figurative his face was set in a frown son visage était figé dans une grimace renfrognée;
    ∎ she set her jaw and refused to budge elle serra les dents et refusa de bouger;
    ∎ we had set ourselves to resist nous étions déterminés à résister
    (e) (lay, prepare in advance → trap) poser, tendre;
    ∎ to set the table mettre le couvert ou la table;
    ∎ to set the table for two mettre deux couverts;
    ∎ set an extra place at table rajoutez un couvert
    (f) (establish → date, price, schedule, terms) fixer, déterminer; (→ rule, guideline, objective, target) établir; (→ mood, precedent) créer;
    ∎ they still haven't set a date for the party ils n'ont toujours pas fixé de date pour la réception;
    ∎ you've set yourself a tough deadline or a tough deadline for yourself vous vous êtes fixé un délai très court;
    ∎ it's up to them to set their own production targets c'est à eux d'établir ou de fixer leurs propres objectifs de production;
    ∎ a deficit ceiling has been set un plafonnement du déficit a été imposé ou fixé ou décidé;
    ∎ to set a value on sth décider de la valeur de qch;
    ∎ figurative they set a high value on creativity ils accordent une grande valeur à la créativité;
    ∎ the price was set at £500 le prix a été fixé à 500 livres;
    ∎ the judge set bail at $1,000 le juge a fixé la caution à 1000 dollars;
    ∎ how are exchange rates set? comment les taux de change sont-ils déterminés?;
    ∎ to set an age limit at… fixer une limite d'âge à…;
    ∎ to set a new fashion or trend lancer une nouvelle mode;
    ∎ to set a new world record établir un nouveau record mondial;
    ∎ to set the tone for or of sth donner le ton de qch
    ∎ to set sth alight or on fire mettre le feu à qch;
    ∎ it sets my nerves on edge ça me crispe;
    ∎ also figurative she set me in the right direction elle m'a mis sur la bonne voie;
    ∎ to set sb against sb monter qn contre qn;
    ∎ he/the incident set the taxman on my trail il/l'incident a mis le fisc sur ma piste;
    ∎ to set the dogs on sb lâcher les chiens sur qn;
    ∎ the incident set the family against him l'incident a monté la famille contre lui;
    ∎ it will set the country on the road to economic recovery cela va mettre le pays sur la voie de la reprise économique;
    ∎ his failure set him thinking son échec lui a donné à réfléchir;
    ∎ the scandal will set the whole town talking le scandale va faire jaser toute la ville;
    ∎ to set the dog barking faire aboyer le chien;
    ∎ the wind set the leaves dancing le vent a fait frissonner les feuilles;
    ∎ to set a machine going mettre une machine en marche
    (h) (solidify → yoghurt, jelly, concrete) faire prendre;
    ∎ pectin will help to set the jam la pectine aidera à épaissir la confiture
    (i) (pose → problem) poser; (assign → task) fixer;
    ∎ the strikers' demands set the management a difficult problem les exigences des grévistes posent un problème difficile à la direction;
    ∎ I set them to work tidying the garden je les ai mis au désherbage du jardin;
    ∎ I've set myself the task of writing to them regularly je me suis fixé la tâche de leur écrire régulièrement
    (j) British School (exam) composer, choisir les questions de; (books, texts) mettre au programme;
    ∎ she set the class a maths exercise, she set a maths exercise for the class elle a donné un exercice de maths à la classe;
    ∎ who sets the test questions? qui choisit les questions de l'épreuve?
    ∎ to set sb's hair faire une mise en plis à qn;
    ∎ and I've just had my hair set! et je viens de me faire faire une mise en plis!;
    ∎ I set my own hair je me fais moi-même mes mises en plis
    (m) Typography (text, page) composer;
    ∎ to set type composer
    (n) Music (poem, words)
    ∎ to set sth to music mettre qch en musique
    (a) (sun, moon, stars) se coucher;
    ∎ we saw the sun setting nous avons vu le coucher du soleil
    (b) (become firm → glue, cement, plaster, jelly, yoghurt) prendre;
    ∎ her features had set in an expression of determination ses traits s'étaient durcis en une expression de très forte détermination
    (c) (bone) se ressouder
    (d) (start) se mettre;
    ∎ he set to work il s'est mis au travail
    (e) (plant, tree) prendre racine
    (f) (hen) couver
    (g) (wind, tide)
    ∎ the wind looks set fair to the east on dirait un vent d'ouest
    (h) Hunting (hound) tomber en arrêt
    ►► Theatre, Cinema & Television set designer décorateur(trice) m,f;
    Grammar set expression expression f figée;
    set figures (in skating) figures fpl imposées;
    Grammar set phrase expression f figée;
    (a) Art, Literature & Music morceau m de bravoure
    (b) (fireworks) pièce f (de feu) d'artifice
    (c) (of scenery) élément m de décor
    (d) Sport combinaison f préparée ou calculée;
    Sport set point (in tennis) balle f de set;
    Technology set screw vis f de réglage;
    Sport set scrum (in rugby) mêlée f fermée;
    set square équerre f (à dessiner);
    set task tâche f assignée;
    ∎ to give sb a set task to do assigner à qn une tâche bien précise;
    Mathematics set theory théorie f des ensembles
    (a) (start → task) se mettre à;
    ∎ she set about changing the tyre elle s'est mise à changer le pneu;
    ∎ I didn't know how to set about it je ne savais pas comment m'y prendre;
    ∎ how does one set about getting a visa? comment fait-on pour obtenir un visa?
    (b) (attack) attaquer, s'en prendre à;
    ∎ he set about the mugger with his umbrella il s'en est pris à son agresseur à coups de parapluie
    ∎ to set sth against sth comparer qch à qch;
    ∎ to set the benefits against the costs évaluer les bénéfices par rapport aux coûts;
    ∎ we must set the government's promises against its achievements nous devons examiner les promesses du gouvernement à la lumière de ses actions
    ∎ some of these expenses can be set against tax certaines de ces dépenses peuvent être déduites des impôts
    (c) (friends, family) monter contre;
    ∎ religious differences have set family against family les différences religieuses ont monté les familles les unes contre les autres;
    ∎ to set oneself or one's face against sth s'opposer résolument à qch
    ∎ to set the clock ahead avancer l'horloge;
    ∎ we're setting the clocks ahead tonight on change d'heure cette nuit
    (a) (place separately → object) mettre à part ou de côté;
    ∎ there was one deck chair set slightly apart from the others il y avait une chaise longue un peu à l'écart des autres;
    ∎ they set themselves apart ils faisaient bande à part
    (b) (distinguish) distinguer ( from de);
    ∎ her talent sets her apart from the other students son talent la distingue des autres étudiants
    (a) (put down → knitting, book) poser;
    ∎ could you set aside what you're working on for a while? pouvez-vous laisser ce que vous êtes en train de faire un moment?
    (b) (reserve, keep → time, place) réserver; (→ money) mettre de côté; (→ arable land) mettre en friche;
    ∎ I've set tomorrow aside for house hunting j'ai réservé la journée de demain pour chercher une maison;
    ∎ the room is set aside for meetings la pièce est réservée aux réunions;
    ∎ can you set the book aside for me? pourriez-vous me mettre ce livre de côté?;
    ∎ chop the onions and set them aside coupez les oignons et réservez-les
    (c) (overlook, disregard) mettre de côté, oublier, passer sur;
    ∎ they set their differences aside in order to work together ils ont mis de côté leurs différences pour travailler ensemble
    (d) (reject → dogma, proposal, offer) rejeter
    (e) Law (annul → contract, will) annuler; (→ verdict, judgment) casser
    ∎ the building is set back slightly from the road l'immeuble est un peu en retrait par rapport à la route
    (b) (delay → plans, progress) retarder;
    ∎ his illness set him back a month in his work sa maladie l'a retardé d'un mois dans son travail;
    ∎ the news may set him or his recovery back la nouvelle risque de retarder sa guérison;
    ∎ this decision will set the economy back ten years cette décision va faire revenir l'économie dix ans en arrière
    (c) familiar (cost) coûter à□ ;
    ∎ the trip will set her back a bit le voyage va lui coûter cher
    (a) (tray, bag etc) poser
    (b) British (passenger) déposer;
    ∎ the bus sets you down in front of the station le bus vous dépose devant la gare
    (c) (note, record) noter, inscrire;
    ∎ try and set your thoughts down on paper essayez de mettre vos pensées par écrit
    (d) (establish → rule, condition) établir, fixer;
    ∎ the government has set down a margin for pay increases le gouvernement a fixé une fourchette pour les augmentations de salaire;
    ∎ permissible levels of pollution are set down in the regulations les taux de pollution tolérés sont fixés dans les réglementations;
    ∎ to set sth down in writing coucher qch par écrit;
    ∎ it is clearly set down that drivers must be insured il est clairement signalé ou indiqué que tout conducteur doit être assuré
    formal (expound → plan, objections) exposer, présenter;
    ∎ the recommendations are set forth in the last chapter les recommandations sont détaillées ou énumérées dans le dernier chapitre
    literary partir, se mettre en route
    ➲ set in
    (problems) survenir, surgir; (disease) se déclarer; (winter) commencer; (night) tomber;
    ∎ if infection sets in si la plaie s'infecte;
    ∎ the bad weather has set in for the winter le mauvais temps s'est installé pour tout l'hiver;
    ∎ panic set in (began) la panique éclata; (lasted) la panique s'installa
    Sewing (sleeve) monter
    ➲ set off
    (a) (alarm) déclencher; (bomb) faire exploser; (fireworks) faire partir
    (b) (reaction, process, war) déclencher, provoquer;
    ∎ their offer set off another round of talks leur proposition a déclenché une autre série de négociations;
    ∎ it set her off on a long tirade against bureaucracy cela eut pour effet de la lancer dans une longue tirade contre la bureaucratie;
    ∎ to set sb off laughing faire rire qn;
    ∎ this answer set them off (laughing) cette réponse a déclenché les rires;
    ∎ one look at his face set me off again en le voyant, mon fou rire a repris de plus belle;
    ∎ if you say anything it'll only set him off (crying) again si tu dis quoi que ce soit, il va se remettre à pleurer;
    ∎ the smallest amount of pollen will set her off la moindre dose de pollen lui déclenche une réaction allergique;
    ∎ don't mention Maradona or you'll set him off again surtout ne prononce pas le nom de Maradona sinon il va recommencer;
    ∎ someone mentioned the war and of course that set Uncle Arthur off quelqu'un prononça le mot guerre, et évidemment, oncle Arthur embraya aussitôt sur le sujet;
    ∎ figurative to set sb off on the wrong track mettre qn sur une fausse piste
    (c) (enhance) mettre en valeur;
    ∎ the vase sets off the flowers beautifully le vase met vraiment les fleurs en valeur
    ∎ some of these expenses can be set off against tax certaines de ces dépenses peuvent être déduites des impôts
    partir, se mettre en route;
    ∎ he set off at a run il est parti en courant;
    ∎ I set off to explore the town je suis parti explorer la ville;
    ∎ after lunch, we set off again après le déjeuner, nous avons repris la route
    ➲ set on
    (attack) attaquer, s'en prendre à
    ∎ to set the police on the tracks of a thief mettre la police aux trousses d'un voleur;
    ∎ to set sb on his/her way mettre qn sur les rails
    ∎ to set a dog on sb lâcher un chien sur qn
    ➲ set out
    (a) (arrange → chairs, game pieces) disposer; (→ merchandise) étaler;
    ∎ the shopping centre is very well set out le centre commercial est très bien conçu
    (b) (present → ideas) exposer, présenter;
    ∎ the information is set out in the table below ces données sont présentées dans le tableau ci-dessous
    (a) (leave) se mettre en route, partir;
    ∎ just as he was setting out au moment de son départ;
    ∎ to set out for school partir pour l'école;
    ∎ to set out again repartir;
    ∎ to set out in pursuit/in search of sb se mettre à la poursuite/à la recherche de qn
    ∎ he has trouble finishing what he sets out to do il a du mal à terminer ce qu'il entreprend;
    ∎ I can't remember now what I set out to do je ne me souviens plus de ce que je voulais faire à l'origine;
    ∎ they all set out with the intention of changing the world au début, ils veulent tous changer le monde;
    ∎ she didn't deliberately set out to annoy you il n'était pas dans ses intentions de vous froisser;
    ∎ his theory sets out to prove that… sa théorie a pour objet de prouver que…
    (a) (begin work) commencer, s'y mettre;
    ∎ we set to with a will nous nous y sommes mis avec ardeur
    (b) familiar (two people → start arguing) avoir une prise de bec; (→ start fighting) en venir aux mains
    ➲ set up
    (a) (install → equipment, computer) installer; (→ roadblock) installer, disposer; (→ experiment) préparer;
    ∎ everything's set up for the show tout est préparé ou prêt pour le spectacle;
    ∎ set the chairs up in a circle mettez ou disposez les chaises en cercle;
    ∎ he set the chessboard up il a disposé les pièces sur l'échiquier;
    ∎ the equation sets up a relation between the two variables l'équation établit un rapport entre les deux variables;
    ∎ the system wasn't set up to handle so many users le système n'était pas conçu pour gérer autant d'usagers;
    ∎ he set the situation up so she couldn't refuse il a arrangé la situation de telle manière qu'elle ne pouvait pas refuser
    (b) (erect, build → tent, furniture kit, crane, flagpole) monter; (→ shed, shelter) construire; (→ monument, statue) ériger;
    ∎ to set up camp installer ou dresser le camp
    (c) (start up, institute → business, scholarship) créer; (→ hospital, school) fonder; (→ committee, task force) constituer; (→ system of government, republic) instaurer; (→ programme, review process, system) mettre en place; (→ inquiry) ouvrir; (→ dinner, meeting, appointment) organiser;
    ∎ to set up house or home s'installer;
    ∎ they set up house together ils se sont mis en ménage;
    ∎ to set up a dialogue entamer le dialogue;
    ∎ you'll be in charge of setting up training programmes vous serez responsable de la mise en place des programmes de formation;
    ∎ the medical system set up after the war le système médical mis en place après la guerre
    (d) (financially, in business → person) installer, établir;
    ∎ he set his son up in a dry-cleaning business il a acheté à son fils une entreprise de nettoyage à sec;
    ∎ she could finally set herself up as an accountant elle pourrait enfin s'installer comme comptable;
    ∎ the money would set him up for life l'argent le mettrait à l'abri du besoin pour le restant de ses jours;
    ∎ the army set him up as a dictator l'armée l'installa comme dictateur
    ∎ we're well set up with supplies nous sommes bien approvisionnés;
    ∎ she can set you up with a guide/the necessary papers elle peut vous procurer un guide/les papiers qu'il vous faut;
    ∎ I can set you up with a girlfriend of mine je peux te présenter à ou te faire rencontrer une de mes copines
    (f) (restore energy to) remonter, remettre sur pied;
    ∎ have a brandy, that'll set you up prends un cognac, ça va te remonter
    (g) familiar (frame) monter un coup contre;
    ∎ she claims she was set up elle prétend qu'elle est victime d'un coup monté;
    ∎ he was set up as the fall guy on a fait de lui le bouc émissaire□, il a joué le rôle de bouc émissaire□
    (h) Typography (text) composer
    s'installer, s'établir;
    ∎ he's setting up in the fast-food business il se lance dans la restauration rapide;
    ∎ to set up on one's own (business) s'installer à son compte; (home) prendre son propre appartement
    (physically or verbally) attaquer, s'en prendre à

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > set

  • 6 paper

    A n
    1 ( substance) ( for writing etc) papier m ; a piece/a sheet of paper un morceau/une feuille de papier ; to get ou put sth down on paper mettre qch par écrit ; it's a good idea on paper fig c'est une bonne idée en théorie ; the car only exists on paper la voiture n'existe que sur le papier ; this contract isn't worth the paper it's written on ce contrat ne vaut absolument rien ;
    2 ( also wallpaper) papier m peint ;
    3 ( newspaper) journal m ; local/Sunday paper journal m local/du dimanche ;
    4 ( scholarly article) article m (on sur) ;
    5 ( lecture) communication f (on sur) ; ( report) exposé m (on sur) ; I'm writing Monday's discussion paper je prépare le sujet du débat de lundi ;
    6 ( examination) épreuve f (on de) ; the French paper l'épreuve de français ;
    7 Fin effet m de commerce, papier m ; commercial paper effet m de commerce ; financial paper effet m de crédit ; long/short paper effets mpl à long/court terme, papier m long/court ;
    8 ( government publication) livre m.
    B papers npl Admin papiers mpl ; identification paper papiers d'identité.
    1 lit [bag, hat, napkin] en papier ; [plate] en carton ; [industry, manufacture] de papier ;
    2 fig [loss, profit] théorique ; [promise, agreement] sans valeur.
    D vtr ( also wallpaper) tapisser [room, wall].
    E vi to paper over the existing wallpaper recouvrir le papier actuel ; to paper over one's differences/problems passer sur ses différences/problèmes.
    to paper over the cracks passer sur les problèmes.

    Big English-French dictionary > paper

  • 7 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 8 bridge

    bri‹
    1. noun
    1) (a structure carrying a road or railway over a river etc.) puente
    2) (the narrow raised platform for the captain of a ship.) puente de mando
    3) (the bony part (of the nose).) caballete
    4) (the support of the strings of a violin etc.) puente

    2. verb
    1) (to build a bridge over: They bridged the stream.) construir/tender un puente sobre
    2) (to close a gap, pause etc: He bridged the awkward silence with a funny remark.) llenar, salvar
    bridge n puente
    tr[brɪʤ]
    3 (on ship) puente nombre masculino de mando
    1 (river) tender un puente sobre
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to bridge the gap colmar un vacío
    we'll cross that bridge when we come to it nos ocuparemos del problema cuando surja
    railway bridge puente nombre masculino ferroviario
    rope bridge puente nombre masculino de cuerdas
    bridge ['brɪʤ] vt, bridged ; bridging
    1) : tender un puente sobre
    2)
    to bridge the gap : salvar las diferencias
    1) : puente m
    2) : caballete m (de la nariz)
    3) : puente m de mando (de un barco)
    4) denture: puente m (dental)
    5) : bridge m (juego de naipes)
    n.
    • alzaprima s.f.
    • caballete s.m.
    • diablo s.m.
    • juego de naipes s.m.
    • puente s.m.

    I brɪdʒ
    1) c
    a) puente m

    to build bridges — tender* un puente (de unión)

    we'll cross that bridge when we come to it — ese problema lo resolveremos cuando llegue el momento; burn I 1) a), water I 1)

    b) ( on ship) puente m (de mando)
    c) ( of nose) caballete m; ( of glasses) puente m
    2) c ( Dent) puente m
    3) u ( card game) bridge m

    II
    transitive verb \<\<river\>\> tender* or construir* un puente sobre; \<\<differences\>\> salvar

    I [brɪdʒ]
    1. N
    1) (gen) puente m (also Mus)

    to build a bridge between two communities — (fig) crear un vínculo (de unión) entre dos comunidades

    we must rebuild our bridges — (fig) tenemos que restablecer las relaciones

    - burn one's bridges
    2) (Naut) puente m de mando
    3) [of nose] caballete m ; [of spectacles] puente m
    4) (Dentistry) puente m
    2.

    to bridge a gap — (fig) llenar un vacío

    3.
    CPD

    bridge building N — construcción f de puentes; (fig) restablecimiento m de relaciones


    II [brɪdʒ]
    1.
    N (Cards) bridge m
    2.
    CPD

    bridge party N — reunión f de bridge

    bridge player N — jugador(a) m / f de bridge

    bridge roll N — tipo de bollo pequeño y alargado

    * * *

    I [brɪdʒ]
    1) c
    a) puente m

    to build bridges — tender* un puente (de unión)

    we'll cross that bridge when we come to it — ese problema lo resolveremos cuando llegue el momento; burn I 1) a), water I 1)

    b) ( on ship) puente m (de mando)
    c) ( of nose) caballete m; ( of glasses) puente m
    2) c ( Dent) puente m
    3) u ( card game) bridge m

    II
    transitive verb \<\<river\>\> tender* or construir* un puente sobre; \<\<differences\>\> salvar

    English-spanish dictionary > bridge

  • 9 textual

    textual adjetivo ‹ traducción› literal; ‹ palabras› exact; ‹ cita› direct
    textual adjetivo
    1 textual
    2 (literal) literal ' textual' also found in these entries: Spanish: comentario English: textual - verbatim
    tr['tekstjʊəl]
    1 textual
    textual ['tɛksʧʊəl] adj
    : textual
    adj.
    • textual adj.
    'tekstʃuəl, 'tekstjʊəl
    adjective <error/differences> textual
    ['tekstjʊǝl]
    ADJ
    1) (=of, relating to text) [criticism] de textos; [alterations] textual

    textual notes — notas fpl al pie de página

    2) (=literal) textual
    * * *
    ['tekstʃuəl, 'tekstjʊəl]
    adjective <error/differences> textual

    English-spanish dictionary > textual

  • 10 heal

    1. transitive verb
    (lit. or fig.) heilen

    time heals all — (fig.) die Zeit heilt [alle] Wunden

    2. intransitive verb

    heal [up] — [ver]heilen

    * * *
    [hi:l]
    ((often with up) (especially of cuts, wounds etc) to make or become healthy; to (cause to) return to a normal state or condition: That scratch will heal (up) in a couple of days; this ointment will soon heal your cuts.) beeilen
    - academic.ru/34033/healer">healer
    * * *
    [hi:l]
    I. vt
    ▪ to \heal sb/sth jdn/etw heilen
    to \heal differences Differenzen beilegen
    to \heal problems Probleme lösen
    II. vi ( also fig) heilen; wound, injury [ver]heilen
    his broken heart will take a long time to \heal ( fig) sein gebrochenes Herz wird lange brauchen, bis es wieder ganz ist
    * * *
    [hiːl]
    1. vi (MED fig)
    heilen
    2. vt
    1) (MED) heilen
    2) (fig) differences etc beilegen; (third party) schlichten

    they succeeded in healing the rift between them — es gelang ihnen, die Kluft zwischen ihnen zu überbrücken

    * * *
    heal [hiːl]
    A v/t
    1. auch fig heilen, kurieren ( beide:
    sb of sth jemanden von einer Sache)
    2. fig
    a) Gegensätze versöhnen
    b) einen Streit beilegen
    B v/i
    1. oft heal up, heal over (zu)heilen
    2. heilen, eine Heilung bewirken
    3. gesund werden, genesen
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    (lit. or fig.) heilen

    time heals all — (fig.) die Zeit heilt [alle] Wunden

    2. intransitive verb

    heal [up] — [ver]heilen

    * * *
    v.
    abheilen v.
    heilen v.
    verheilen v.

    English-german dictionary > heal

  • 11 even out

    even out [ differences] attenuarsi, livellarsi; even [sth.] out, even out [sth.] suddividere [ burden]; attenuare [ inequalities]
    * * *
    1) (to become level or regular: The road rose steeply and then evened out; His pulse began to even out.) livellarsi, regolarizzarsi
    2) (to make smooth: He raked the soil to even it out.) livellarsi
    3) (to make equal: If Jane would do some of Mary's typing, that would even the work out.) pareggiare, eguagliare
    * * *
    1. vt + adv
    (smooth: also), fig appianare, (number, score) pareggiare
    2. vi + adv
    * * *
    even out [ differences] attenuarsi, livellarsi; even [sth.] out, even out [sth.] suddividere [ burden]; attenuare [ inequalities]

    English-Italian dictionary > even out

  • 12 paper

    I 1. ['peɪpə(r)]
    1) (for writing etc.) carta f.

    to get o put sth. down on paper mettere qcs. per iscritto o su(lla) carta; it's a good idea on paper fig. sulla carta è una buona idea; this contract isn't worth the paper it's written on — questo contratto vale meno della carta su cui è scritto

    2) (anche wallpaper) carta f. da parati
    3) (newspaper) giornale m.
    4) (scholarly article) saggio m., articolo m.
    5) (lecture) lezione f.; (report) relazione f., intervento m.
    6) (examination) esame m. scritto, prova f. (on di)
    7) econ. effetto m. (commerciale)
    8) (government publication) documento m., libro m.
    2.
    nome plurale papers amm. carte f., documenti m.
    3.
    1) [bag, hat, napkin, plate, cup, towel] di carta; [industry, manufacture] della carta
    2) fig. [loss, profit] teorico, nominale; [promise, agreement] senza valore, sulla carta
    II 1. ['peɪpə(r)]
    verbo transitivo (anche wallpaper) tappezzare [room, wall]
    2.
    ••
    * * *
    ['peipə] 1. noun
    1) (the material on which these words are written, made from wood, rags etc and used for writing, printing, wrapping parcels etc: I need paper and a pen to write a letter; ( also adjective) a paper bag.) carta; di carta
    2) (a single (often printed or typed) piece of this: There were papers all over his desk.) (foglio di) carta
    3) (a newspaper: Have you read the paper?) giornale
    4) (a group of questions for a written examination: The Latin paper was very difficult.) compito, esame
    5) ((in plural) documents proving one's identity, nationality etc: The policeman demanded my papers.) documento
    •
    - paperback 2. adjective
    paperback novels.) tascabile
    - paper-knife
    - paper sculpture
    - paperweight
    - paperwork
    * * *
    I 1. ['peɪpə(r)]
    1) (for writing etc.) carta f.

    to get o put sth. down on paper mettere qcs. per iscritto o su(lla) carta; it's a good idea on paper fig. sulla carta è una buona idea; this contract isn't worth the paper it's written on — questo contratto vale meno della carta su cui è scritto

    2) (anche wallpaper) carta f. da parati
    3) (newspaper) giornale m.
    4) (scholarly article) saggio m., articolo m.
    5) (lecture) lezione f.; (report) relazione f., intervento m.
    6) (examination) esame m. scritto, prova f. (on di)
    7) econ. effetto m. (commerciale)
    8) (government publication) documento m., libro m.
    2.
    nome plurale papers amm. carte f., documenti m.
    3.
    1) [bag, hat, napkin, plate, cup, towel] di carta; [industry, manufacture] della carta
    2) fig. [loss, profit] teorico, nominale; [promise, agreement] senza valore, sulla carta
    II 1. ['peɪpə(r)]
    verbo transitivo (anche wallpaper) tappezzare [room, wall]
    2.
    ••

    English-Italian dictionary > paper

  • 13 resolve

    1. transitive verb
    1) (dispel) beseitigen, ausräumen [Schwierigkeit, Zweifel, Unklarheit]
    2) (explain) lösen [Problem, Rätsel]
    3) (decide) beschließen
    4) (settle) beilegen [Streit]; klären [Streitpunkt]; regeln [Angelegenheit]
    2. intransitive verb

    resolve [up]on something/doing something — sich zu etwas entschließen/sich [dazu] entschließen, etwas zu tun

    3. noun
    Vorsatz, der

    make a resolve to do something — den Vorsatz fassen, etwas zu tun

    * * *
    [rə'zolv]
    1) (to make a firm decision (to do something): I've resolved to stop smoking.) beschließen
    2) (to pass (a resolution): It was resolved that women should be allowed to join the society.) beschließen
    3) (to take away (a doubt, fear etc) or produce an answer to (a problem, difficulty etc).) lösen
    * * *
    re·solve
    [rɪˈzɒlv, AM -ˈzɑ:lv]
    I. vt
    1. (solve)
    ▪ to \resolve sth etw lösen [o klären]
    to \resolve a problem ein Problem lösen
    to \resolve one's differences seine Differenzen beilegen
    the crisis \resolved itself die Krise legte sich von selbst
    ▪ to \resolve sth into sth etw in etw akk zerlegen
    4. ( form: decide)
    ▪ to \resolve that... beschließen, dass...
    II. vi
    1. (decide) beschließen
    ▪ to \resolve to do sth beschließen, etw zu tun
    ▪ to \resolve on doing sth beschließen [o sich akk entschließen], etw zu tun
    2. (separate into) sich akk auflösen
    III. n ( form) Entschlossenheit f
    * * *
    [rɪ'zɒlv]
    1. vt
    1) problem, conflict, crisis lösen; doubt zerstreuen; dispute beilegen; differences, issue klären
    2)

    (= decide) to resolve that... — beschließen, dass...

    to resolve to do sth — beschließen, etw zu tun

    3) (= break up into elements) zerlegen (into in +acc); (= convert) auflösen (ALSO PHYS) (into in +acc)
    4) (MUS) chord, harmony auflösen (into in +acc)
    2. vi
    1)

    (= decide) to resolve (up)on sth — etw beschließen

    2) (into in +acc) (= break up) zerfallen; (= be converted) sich auflösen
    3. vr
    (into in +acc) sich zerlegen lassen; (= be converted) sich auflösen
    4. n
    1) (= decision) Beschluss m

    to make a resolve to do sth — den Beschluss fassen, etw zu tun

    2) no pl (= resoluteness) Entschlossenheit f

    to do sth with resolve — etw fest entschlossen tun

    * * *
    resolve [rıˈzɒlv; US auch rıˈzɑlv]
    A v/t
    1. auch CHEM, MATH, MUS, OPT auflösen ( into in akk):
    be resolved into sich auflösen in (akk);
    resolved into dust in Staub verwandelt;
    be resolved into tears in Tränen aufgelöst sein;
    resolving power OPT, FOTO Auflösungsvermögen n; → academic.ru/14599/committee">committee 1
    2. ein Problem etc lösen
    3. Zweifel zerstreuen
    4. a) sich entschließen, beschließen ( beide:
    to do sth etwas zu tun)
    b) entscheiden:
    be it resolved (Formel) wir haben die folgende Entschließung angenommen
    5. analysieren
    6. MED
    a) einen Tumor zerteilen oder erweichen
    7. jemanden dazu bestimmen oder bewegen (on oder upon doing sth, to do sth etwas zu tun)
    B v/i
    1. a) sich auflösen ( into in akk; to zu)
    b) wieder werden (into, to zu):
    the tumo(u)r resolves MED die Geschwulst zerteilt sich
    2. (on, upon) (etwas) beschließen, sich (zu etwas) entschließen
    C s
    1. Vorsatz m, Entschluss m
    2. US → resolution 1
    3. besonders poet Entschlossenheit f
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1) (dispel) beseitigen, ausräumen [Schwierigkeit, Zweifel, Unklarheit]
    2) (explain) lösen [Problem, Rätsel]
    3) (decide) beschließen
    4) (settle) beilegen [Streit]; klären [Streitpunkt]; regeln [Angelegenheit]
    2. intransitive verb

    resolve [up]on something/doing something — sich zu etwas entschließen/sich [dazu] entschließen, etwas zu tun

    3. noun
    Vorsatz, der

    make a resolve to do something — den Vorsatz fassen, etwas zu tun

    * * *
    v.
    auflösen v.

    English-german dictionary > resolve

  • 14 sink

    A n
    1 ( basin) ( in kitchen) évier m ; ( in bathroom) lavabo m ; double sink évier à deux bacs ;
    2 ( cesspit) lit fosse f d'aisance ; fig cloaque m ;
    3 ( also sinkhole) Geol doline f.
    B vtr ( prét sank ; pp sunk)
    1 Naut ( by scuttling) couler [ship] ; ( by torpedo) torpiller [ship] ;
    2 ( bore) forer [oilwell, shaft] ; creuser [foundations] ;
    3 ( embed) enfoncer [post, pillar] (into dans) ; to sink one's teeth into mordre à pleines dents dans [sandwich etc] ; the dog sank its teeth into my arm le chien a planté ses crocs dans mon bras ; to sink a knife into enfoncer un couteau dans [cake] ;
    4 ○ GB ( drink) descendre ○ [drink] ;
    5 Sport mettre [qch] dans le trou [billiard ball] ; rentrer [putt] ;
    6 ( destroy) [scandal] faire couler [party] ; without capital/a leader we're sunk sans capital/chef nous sommes perdus ;
    7 Fin amortir [debt] ;
    8 ( invest heavily) to sink money into sth investir de l'argent dans [project, company].
    C vi ( prét sank ; pp sunk)
    1 ( fail to float) [ship, object, person] couler ; to sink without a trace fig [idea, project etc] tomber dans les oubliettes ;
    2 ( drop to lower level) [sun] baisser ; [cake] se dégonfler ; [pressure, temperature, water level] baisser ; the sun sinks in the West le soleil disparaît à l'ouest ; to sink to the floor s'effondrer ; to sink to one's knees tomber à genoux ; to sink into a chair s'affaler dans un fauteuil ; to sink into a deep sleep/coma sombrer dans un profond sommeil/dans le coma ;
    3 fig ( fall) [profits, production] baisser ; he has sunk in my estimation il a baissé dans mon estime ; my heart ou spirits sank j'ai eu un serrement de cœur ; I wouldn't sink so low as to beg from him je ne m'abaisserais pas à lui demander de l'argent ;
    4 ( subside) [building, wall] s'effondrer ; to sink into [person, feet] s'enfoncer dans [mud] ; [country, person] sombrer dans [anarchy, apathy] ; [celebrity] sombrer dans [obscurity] ; to sink under the weight of [shelf] plier sous le poids de [boxes etc] ; [person, company] crouler sous le poids de [debt].
    to sink one's differences oublier ses différences.
    ■ sink in
    1 [lotion, water] pénétrer ; let the lotion sink in laisse la crème pénétrer ;
    2 fig [news, announcement] faire son chemin ; it took several minutes for the good news/truth to sink in il m'a fallu plusieurs minutes pour réaliser la bonne nouvelle/accepter la vérité ; the result hasn't sunk in yet je n'ai encore pas réalisé les conséquences du résultat.

    Big English-French dictionary > sink

  • 15 run

    1. noun
    1) Lauf, der

    go for a run before breakfast — vor dem Frühstück einen Lauf machen

    make a late run — (Sport or fig.) zum Endspurt ansetzen

    come towards somebody/start off at a run — jemandem entgegenlaufen/losrennen

    I've had a good run for my money — ich bin auf meine Kosten gekommen

    2) (trip in vehicle) Fahrt, die; (for pleasure) Ausflug, der

    go for a run [in the car] — einen [Auto]ausflug machen

    3)

    she has had a long run of success — sie war lange [Zeit] erfolgreich

    have a long run — [Stück, Show:] viele Aufführungen erleben

    4) (succession) Serie, die; (Cards) Sequenz, die
    5) (tendency) Ablauf, der

    the general run of things/events — der Lauf der Dinge/der Gang der Ereignisse

    6) (regular route) Strecke, die
    7) (Cricket, Baseball) Lauf, der; Run, der
    8) (quantity produced) (of book) Auflage, die

    production run — Ausstoß, der (Wirtsch.)

    9) (demand) Run, der (on auf + Akk.)
    10)

    the runs — (coll.): (diarrhoea) Durchmarsch, der (salopp)

    11) (unrestricted use)
    12) (animal enclosure) Auslauf, der
    2. intransitive verb,
    -nn-, ran, run
    1) laufen; (fast also) rennen

    run for the bus — laufen od. rennen, um den Bus zu kriegen (ugs.)

    2) (compete) laufen
    3) (hurry) laufen

    don't run to me when things go wrong — komm mir nicht angelaufen, wenn etwas schiefgeht (ugs.)

    4) (roll) laufen; [Ball, Kugel:] rollen, laufen
    5) (slide) laufen; [Schlitten, [Schiebe]tür:] gleiten
    6) (revolve) [Rad, Maschine:] laufen
    7) (flee) davonlaufen
    8) (operate on a schedule) fahren

    run between two places — [Zug, Bus:] zwischen zwei Orten verkehren

    9) (pass cursorily)

    run through one's head or mind — [Gedanken, Ideen:] einem durch den Kopf gehen

    run through the various possibilities — die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten durchspielen

    10) (flow) laufen; [Fluss:] fließen

    run dry — [Fluss:] austrocknen; [Quelle:] versiegen

    run low or short — knapp werden; ausgehen

    11) (be current) [Vertrag, Theaterstück:] laufen
    12) (be present)

    run in the family — [Eigenschaft, Begabung:] in der Familie liegen

    13) (function) laufen

    keep/leave the engine running — den Motor laufen lassen/nicht abstellen

    the machine runs on batteries/oil — etc. die Maschine läuft mit Batterien/Öl usw.

    14) (have a course) [Straße, Bahnlinie:] verlaufen
    15) (have wording) lauten; [Geschichte:] gehen (fig.)
    16) (have certain level)

    inflation is running at 15 % — die Inflationsrate beläuft sich auf od. beträgt 15 %

    17) (seek election) kandidieren

    run for mayor — für das Amt des Bürgermeisters kandidieren

    18) (spread quickly)

    a shiver ran down my spine — ein Schau[d]er (geh.) lief mir den Rücken hinunter

    19) (spread undesirably) [Butter, Eis:] zerlaufen; (in washing) [Farben:] auslaufen
    20) (ladder) [Strumpf:] Laufmaschen bekommen
    3. transitive verb,
    -nn-, ran, run
    1) (cause to move) laufen lassen; (drive) fahren

    run one's hand/fingers through/along or over something — mit der Hand/den Fingern durch etwas fahren/über etwas (Akk.) streichen

    run an or one's eye along or down or over something — (fig.) etwas überfliegen

    2) (cause to flow) [ein]laufen lassen
    3) (organize, manage) führen, leiten [Geschäft usw.]; durchführen [Experiment]; veranstalten [Wettbewerb]; führen [Leben]
    4) (operate) bedienen [Maschine]; verkehren lassen [Verkehrsmittel]; einsetzen [Sonderbus, -zug]; laufen lassen [Motor]; abspielen [Tonband]

    run forward/back — vorwärts-/zurückspulen [Film, Tonband]

    5) (own and use) sich (Dat.) halten [Auto]

    this car is expensive to run — dieses Auto ist im Unterhalt sehr teuer

    6) (take for journey) fahren

    I'll run you into town — ich fahre od. bringe dich in die Stadt

    7) (pursue) jagen

    run somebody hard or close — jemandem auf den Fersen sein od. sitzen (ugs.)

    be run off one's feet — alle Hände voll zu tun haben (ugs.); (in business) Hochbetrieb haben (ugs.); see also academic.ru/23126/earth">earth 1. 4)

    8) (complete) laufen [Rennen, Marathon, Strecke]

    run messages/errands — Botengänge machen

    9)

    run a fever/a temperature — Fieber/erhöhte Temperatur haben

    10) (publish) bringen (ugs.) [Bericht, Artikel usw.]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    1. present participle - running; verb
    1) ((of a person or animal) to move quickly, faster than walking: He ran down the road.) rennen
    2) (to move smoothly: Trains run on rails.) fahren
    3) ((of water etc) to flow: Rivers run to the sea; The tap is running.) laufen
    4) ((of a machine etc) to work or operate: The engine is running; He ran the motor to see if it was working.) laufen(lassen)
    5) (to organize or manage: He runs the business very efficiently.) leiten
    6) (to race: Is your horse running this afternoon?) laufen
    7) ((of buses, trains etc) to travel regularly: The buses run every half hour; The train is running late.) verkehren
    8) (to last or continue; to go on: The play ran for six weeks.) laufen
    9) (to own and use, especially of cars: He runs a Rolls Royce.) sich halten
    10) ((of colour) to spread: When I washed my new dress the colour ran.) zerlaufen
    11) (to drive (someone); to give( someone) a lift: He ran me to the station.) fahren
    12) (to move (something): She ran her fingers through his hair; He ran his eyes over the letter.) gleiten lassen
    13) ((in certain phrases) to be or become: The river ran dry; My blood ran cold (= I was afraid).) werden
    2. noun
    1) (the act of running: He went for a run before breakfast.) das Laufen
    2) (a trip or drive: We went for a run in the country.) der Abstecher
    3) (a length of time (for which something continues): He's had a run of bad luck.) die Strähne
    4) (a ladder (in a stocking etc): I've got a run in my tights.) die Laufmasche
    5) (the free use (of a place): He gave me the run of his house.) freie Benutzung
    6) (in cricket, a batsman's act of running from one end of the wicket to the other, representing a single score: He scored/made 50 runs for his team.) der Lauf
    7) (an enclosure or pen: a chicken-run.) der Auslauf
    •
    - runner
    - running 3. adverb
    (one after another; continuously: We travelled for four days running.) aufeinanderfolgend
    - runny
    - runaway
    - rundown
    - runner-up
    - runway
    - in
    - out of the running
    - on the run
    - run across
    - run after
    - run aground
    - run along
    - run away
    - run down
    - run for
    - run for it
    - run in
    - run into
    - run its course
    - run off
    - run out
    - run over
    - run a temperature
    - run through
    - run to
    - run up
    - run wild
    * * *
    [rʌn]
    I. NOUN
    1. (jog) Lauf m
    the burglar made a \run for the door [or for it] der Einbrecher nahm Reißaus fam
    to let the dog out for [or let the dog have] a \run den Hund hinauslassen [o ÖSTERR fam äußerln führen]
    to break into a \run zu laufen beginnen
    to go for [or do] a \run laufen gehen
    I go for [or do] a 5 mile \run before breakfast ich laufe vor dem Frühstück 5 Meilen
    to set off/come in at a \run weg-/hereinlaufen
    he took the ditch at a \run er nahm Anlauf und sprang über den Graben; ( fig)
    with his main rival out injured, he has a clear \run at the title da sein Hauptrivale verletzt ist, hat er keine Konkurrenten beim Kampf um den Titel
    2. (journey) Strecke f
    the \run down to the coast only takes half an hour man braucht nur eine halbe Stunde zur Küste
    on the London—Glasgow \run auf der Strecke London—Glasgow
    to go for a \run in the car ( dated) eine Spritztour machen fam
    bombing \run Bombardierungsstrecke f
    3. (period) Dauer f
    \run of bad/good luck Pech-/Glückssträhne f
    a long \run of bad weather eine lange Schlechtwetterperiode
    4. (trend) Verlauf m
    in the normal \run of things normalerweise
    5. THEAT Laufzeit f
    after a short \run on Broadway nach kurzer Laufzeit am Broadway
    dry [or dummy] [or practice] \run Generalprobe f
    6. (production) Auflage f
    the company is planning a first \run of 10,000 red teddy bears die Firma plant eine Anfangsproduktion von 10.000 roten Teddybären
    7. ECON (as test) of a machine Durchlauf m, Maschinenlauf m
    a cheque \run Ausstellung f von Schecks durch Computer
    a computer \run Arbeitsgang m [o Durchlauf m] eines Computers
    test \run Probelauf m
    8. usu sing (demand) Run m, Ansturm m
    a sudden \run on the dollar has lowered its value die plötzliche Nachfrage nach dem Dollar ließ den Kurs sinken
    a \run on a bank ein Ansturm m auf eine Bank
    a \run on the pound Panikverkäufe pl des Pfundes
    9. (type) Art f
    their food is not the usual \run of hotel cooking ihr Essen hebt sich von der üblichen Hotelküche ab
    10. (enclosed area) Gehege nt
    chicken \run Hühnerhof m
    11. SPORT (point) Treffer m; (sailing) Vorwindkurs m; (in cricket, baseball) Run m
    to score 4 \runs vier Treffer erzielen
    to score a home \run einen Homerun erzielen
    12. esp AM (ladder) Laufmasche f
    13. ( fam: diarrhoea)
    to have the \runs Dünnpfiff haben sl
    14.
    ▶ to give sb a \run for their money jdn etw für sein Geld tun lassen
    ▶ to have the \run of sth etw zur Verfügung haben
    while she's away, I have the \run of the house während sie weg ist, hat sie mir das Haus überlassen
    ▶ to have a [good] \run for one's money etw für sein Geld bekommen
    ▶ in the long \run langfristig, auf lange Sicht gesehen
    ▶ in the short \run kurzfristig
    ▶ on the \run (escaped) auf der Flucht; (extremely busy) auf Trab fam
    when I am rushed in the mornings, I eat breakfast on the \run wenn ich morgens in Eile bin, dann esse ich mein Frühstück auf dem Weg
    <ran, run>
    1. (move fast) laufen, rennen
    he ran up/down the hill er rannte den Hügel hinauf/hinunter
    he ran along/down the street er rannte die Straße entlang/hinunter
    he ran into/out of the house er rannte in das Haus/aus dem Haus
    people came \running at the sound of shots Menschen kamen gelaufen, als sie Schüsse hörten
    to \run for the bus dem Bus nachlaufen
    to \run for cover schnell in Deckung gehen
    to \run for it sich akk aus dem Staub machen
    to \run for one's life um sein Leben rennen
    to \run for help um Hilfe laufen
    to \run for the police die Polizei benachrichtigen
    to \run on the spot auf der Stelle laufen
    to go \running laufen gehen
    ▪ to \run at sb jdn angreifen
    2. (operate) fahren, verkehren; engine laufen; machine in Betrieb sein
    are there a lot of trains \running between London and York? verkehren viele Züge zwischen London und York?
    they had the new computer system up and \running within an hour sie hatten das neue Computerprogramm innerhalb einer Stunde installiert und am Laufen; ( fig)
    work is \running smoothly at the moment die Arbeit geht im Moment glatt von der Hand
    to keep the economy \running die Wirtschaft am Laufen halten
    3. (travel) laufen; (go) verlaufen; ski gleiten
    the route \runs through the mountains die Strecke führt durch die Berge
    a shiver ran down my back mir lief ein Schauder über den Rücken geh
    to \run off the road von der Straße abkommen
    to \run onto the rocks [or aground] [or ashore] auflaufen, auf Grund laufen
    4. (grow) plants sich akk schlingen
    the vine \runs up the wall and along the fence die Weinreben schlingen sich die Wand hinauf und den Zaun entlang
    5. (extend)
    there's a beautiful cornice \running around all the ceilings ein wunderschönes Gesims verläuft um alle Decken
    6. (last) [an]dauern
    the film \runs for two hours der Film dauert zwei Stunden, der Film geht zwei Stunden fam
    how much longer does this course \run? wie lange dauert dieser Kurs noch?
    a magazine subscription usually only \runs for one year ein Zeitschriftenabonnement läuft normalerweise nur ein Jahr
    I've had that tune \running in my head all day diese Melodie geht mir schon den ganzen Tag im Kopf herum
    this show will \run and \run diese Show wird ewig laufen
    7. (be)
    inflation is \running at 10% die Inflationsrate beträgt 10 %; (amount to)
    ▪ to \run into [or to] sth sich akk auf etw akk belaufen, gehen
    he has an income \running into six figures er hat ein Einkommen, das sich auf sechsstellige Zahlen beläuft
    8. (flow) fließen
    I could feel trickles of sweat \running down my neck ich fühlte, wie mir die Schweißtropfen den Hals herunterliefen
    their bodies were \running with sweat ihre Körper waren schweißüberströmt
    when the sand has \run through the egg timer, it'll be five minutes wenn der Sand durch die Eieruhr gelaufen ist, dann sind fünf Minuten vorbei
    the river \runs [down] to the sea der Fluss mündet in das Meer
    there was a strong tide/heavy sea \running die Flut/die See war hoch
    don't cry, or your make-up will \run weine nicht, sonst verwischt sich dein Make-up
    the colour of the dress has \run das Kleid hat abgefärbt
    my nose is \running meine Nase läuft
    if the paint is wet, the colours will \run into each other wenn die Farbe nass ist, fließen die Farben ineinander
    9. POL (enter an election) kandidieren
    to \run for President für das Präsidentenamt kandidieren, sich akk für das Amt des Präsidenten bewerben
    ▪ to \run against sb gegen jdn kandidieren
    oh no, my tights have \run oh nein, ich habe eine Laufmasche im Strumpf
    11. (proceed) verlaufen
    can you give me an idea of how the discussion ran? kannst du mir den Verlauf der Diskussion schildern?
    12. NAUT fahren
    to \run before the wind vor dem Wind segeln
    13. (to be in force) price, value of commodity gelten, gültig sein
    14.
    ▶ to \run amok Amok laufen
    ▶ to \run with blood blutüberströmt sein
    the streets were \running with blood in den Straßen floss überall Blut
    ▶ to \run round [or AM around] in circles sich akk im Kreise drehen
    ▶ to \run deep:
    differences between the two sides \run deep die Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Seiten sind sehr groß
    ▶ to \run dry river austrocknen
    ▶ to \run in the family in der Familie liegen
    ▶ feelings are \running high die Gefühle gehen hoch
    ▶ to \run low supplies [langsam] ausgehen
    ▶ to make sb's blood \run cold jds Blut in den Adern gefrieren lassen
    ▶ to \run short knapp werden
    to \run short of sth etw nicht mehr haben
    we're beginning to \run short of money uns geht langsam das Geld aus
    ▶ to \run wild animals frei herumlaufen; plants wuchern; children alles machen dürfen; ( pej)
    she lets her kids \run wild [or \run riot] sie setzt ihren Kindern keinerlei Grenzen
    to let one's imagination \run wild seiner Fantasie freien Lauf lassen
    <ran, run>
    to \run a dead heat/a mile/a race ein totes Rennen/eine Meile/ein Rennen laufen
    2. (enter in race)
    to \run a candidate einen Kandidaten aufstellen
    to \run a horse ein Pferd laufen lassen
    he ran his car into a tree last night er fuhr letzte Nacht mit seinem Auto gegen einen Baum
    to \run sb home jdn nach Hause fahren
    to \run sb to the station jdn zum Bahnhof bringen
    4. (pass)
    she ran her eyes/finger down the list sie ließ die Augen/den Finger über die Liste gleiten
    \run this rope round the tree wickle dieses Seil um den Baum
    he ran a vacuum cleaner over the carpet er saugte den Teppich ab
    to \run one's fingers through one's hair sich dat mit den Fingern durchs Haar fahren
    ▪ to \run sth machine etw bedienen
    to \run a computer program ein Computerprogramm laufen lassen
    to \run the engine den Motor laufen lassen
    to \run additional trains zusätzliche Züge einsetzen
    to \run the dishwasher/washing machine die Spülmaschine/Waschmaschine laufen lassen
    ▪ to \run sth business etw leiten; farm etw betreiben
    how did he end up \running the city? wie wurde er Bürgermeister der Stadt?
    don't tell me how to \run my life! erklär mir nicht, wie ich mein Leben leben soll!
    some people \run their lives according to the movements of the stars manche Leute richten ihr Leben nach dem Verlauf der Sterne aus
    to \run a company ein Unternehmen leiten
    to \run a government/household eine Regierung/einen Haushalt führen
    to \run a store ein Geschäft haben
    7. (conduct)
    to \run a course einen Kurs anbieten
    to \run an experiment/a test ein Experiment/einen Test durchführen
    ▪ to \run sth water etw laufen lassen
    he ran a little cold water into the bath er ließ etwas kaltes Wasser in die Badewanne laufen
    to \run [sb] a bath [or to \run a bath [for sb]] [jdm] ein Bad einlaufen lassen
    9. (in newspaper)
    to \run a story about sth über etw akk berichten
    to \run an article/a series einen Artikel/eine Serie bringen fam
    10. (smuggle)
    ▪ to \run sth etw schmuggeln
    to \run sth across the border etw über die Grenze schmuggeln
    11. (not heed)
    to \run a blockade eine Blockade durchbrechen
    to \run a red light eine rote Ampel überfahren
    12. (incur)
    to \run a risk ein Risiko eingehen
    you \run the risk when gambling of losing your entire stake wenn du spielst, riskierst du, deinen gesamten Einsatz zu verlieren
    13. (perform small tasks)
    to \run errands [for sb] [für jdn] Botengänge machen
    14.
    ▶ to \run sb/sth close nur knapp von jdm/etw geschlagen werden
    ▶ to let sth \run its course etw seinen Lauf nehmen lassen
    ▶ to \run sb to earth [or ground] jdn aufspüren
    ▶ to \run one's eye over sth etw überfliegen
    ▶ to be \run off one's feet alle Hände voll zu tun haben fam
    ▶ to \run a fever [or temperature] Fieber haben
    ▶ to \run oneself into the ground sich akk völlig verausgaben
    ▶ to \run a mile BRIT sich akk aus dem Staub machen fam
    ▶ to \run sb ragged jdn schaffen fam
    ▶ to \run the show verantwortlich sein
    * * *
    run [rʌn]
    A s
    1. a) Lauf m (auch fig):
    in the long run auf die Dauer, auf lange Sicht, langfristig;
    in the short run auf kurze Sicht, kurzfristig;
    go for ( oder take) a run einen Lauf machen;
    make a run for it sich aus dem Staub machen fig;
    make a run for the door zur Tür rennen
    b) SPORT Lauf m, Durchgang m (eines Slaloms etc)
    2. Laufen n, Rennen n:
    a) (immer) auf Trab sein umg,
    b) auf der Flucht sein ( from the police vor der Polizei);
    keep sb on the run jemanden in Trab halten umg;
    shoot on the run (Fußball) aus vollem Lauf schießen;
    give sb a (good) run for their money es jemandem nicht leicht machen;
    this car gives you a (good) run for your money dieser Wagen ist sein Geld wert;
    he’s had a (good) run for his money er ist auf seine Kosten gekommen, er kann sich nicht beklagen
    3. Laufschritt m:
    at a run im Laufschritt;
    go off at a run davonlaufen
    4. Anlauf m:
    take a run (einen) Anlauf nehmen
    5. SCHIFF, AUTO Fahrt f
    6. oft short run Spazierfahrt f:
    go for a run in the car eine Spazierfahrt machen
    7. Abstecher m, Ausflug m ( beide:
    to nach)
    8. Reiten: schneller Galopp
    9. JAGD Hatz f
    10. besonders WIRTSCH Ansturm m, Run m ( beide:
    on auf eine Bank, Eintrittskarten etc), stürmische Nachfrage (on nach einer Ware)
    11. (Laich)Wanderung f (der Fische)
    12. MUS Lauf m
    13. US (kleiner) Wasserlauf
    14. US Laufmasche f
    15. (Ver)Lauf m, Fortgang m:
    run of the play SPORT Spielverlauf;
    be against the run of the play SPORT den Spielverlauf auf den Kopf stellen
    16. Verlauf m:
    17. a) Tendenz f
    b) Mode f
    18. ( auch SPORT Erfolgs-, Treffer)Serie f, Folge f, Reihe f:
    a run of bad (good) luck eine Pechsträhne (eine Glückssträhne, ein Lauf);
    a run of good weather eine Schönwetterperiode;
    a run of wins eine Siegesserie
    19. Kartenspiel: Sequenz f
    20. Auflage f (einer Zeitung etc)
    21. TECH Herstellungsmaße pl, -größe f, (Rohr- etc) Länge f, (Betriebs) Leistung f, Ausstoß m:
    a) Fördererz n,
    b) Rohkohle f
    22. Bergbau: Ader f
    23. TECH
    a) Durchlauf m (eines Beschickungsguts)
    b) Charge f, (Beschickungs)Menge f
    24. TECH
    a) Arbeitsperiode f, Gang m
    b) IT (Durch)Lauf m
    c) Bedienung f (einer Maschine etc)
    25. THEAT, FILM Lauf-, Spielzeit f:
    the play had a run of 44 nights das Stück wurde 44-mal hintereinander gegeben;
    the film had a run of six months ( oder a six-month run) der Film lief ein halbes Jahr
    26. (auch Amts) Dauer f, (-)Zeit f:
    run of validity Gültigkeitsdauer
    27. a) Strecke f
    b) FLUG Rollstrecke f
    c) SCHIFF Etmal n (vom Schiff in 24 Stunden zurückgelegte Strecke)
    28. give sb the run of sth jemandem etwas zur Verfügung stellen;
    have the run of sth etwas zur freien Verfügung haben;
    he has given me ( oder I have) the run of his library ich kann jederzeit seine Bibliothek benutzen
    29. besonders Br
    a) Weide f, Trift f
    b) Auslauf m, (Hühner) Hof m
    30. a) JAGD Wechsel m, (Wild)Bahn f
    b) Maulwurfsgang m, Kaninchenröhre f
    31. SPORT
    a) (Bob-, Rodel) Bahn f
    b) (Ski) Hang m
    32. TECH
    a) Bahn f
    b) Laufschiene f, -planke f
    33. TECH Rinne f, Kanal m
    34. TECH Mühl-, Mahlgang m
    35. Art f, Sorte f ( auch WIRTSCH)
    36. meist common ( oder general) run Durchschnitt m, (die) breite Masse:
    the common run of mankind der Durchschnittsmensch
    37. a) Herde f
    b) Schwarm m (Fische)
    38. SCHIFF (Achter-, Vor) Piek f
    39. Länge f, Ausdehnung f
    40. the runs pl auch als sg konstruiert) umg Dünnpfiff m (Durchfall)
    B adj
    1. geschmolzen
    2. gegossen, geformt:
    run with lead mit Blei ausgegossen
    C v/i prät ran [ræn], pperf run
    1. laufen, rennen, eilen, stürzen:
    run round one’s backhand (Tennis etc) seine Rückhand umlaufen
    2. davonlaufen ( from vor dat), Reißaus nehmen umg
    3. SPORT
    a) (um die Wette) laufen
    b) (an einem Lauf oder Rennen) teilnehmen
    c) als Zweiter etc einkommen:
    he ran second er wurde oder war Zweiter
    a) POL kandidieren (für)
    b) umg sich bemühen (um):
    run for election kandidieren, sich zur Wahl stellen
    5. fig laufen (Blick, Feuer, Finger, Schauer etc):
    his eyes ran over it sein Blick überflog es;
    run back over the past Rückschau halten;
    this tune (idea) keeps running through my head diese Melodie (Idee) geht mir nicht aus dem Kopf
    6. fahren:
    run before the wind vor dem Winde segeln; → ashore
    7. gleiten (Schlitten etc), ziehen, wandern (Wolken etc):
    let the skis run die Skier laufen lassen
    8. zu den Laichplätzen ziehen oder wandern (Fische)
    9. BAHN etc verkehren, (auf einer Strecke) fahren, gehen
    10. fließen, strömen (beide auch fig), rinnen:
    it runs in the family fig das liegt bei ihnen etc in der Familie; → blood A 1, A 4
    11. lauten (Schriftstück):
    12. gehen (Melodie)
    13. vergehen, -streichen (Zeit etc)
    14. dauern:
    15. laufen (Theaterstück etc), gegeben werden
    16. verlaufen (Straße etc, auch Vorgang), sich erstrecken, gehen, führen (Weg etc):
    my talent (taste) does not run that way dafür habe ich keine Begabung (keinen Sinn)
    17. TECH laufen:
    a) gleiten:
    b) in Betrieb oder Gang sein, arbeiten (Maschine, Motor etc), gehen (Uhr, Mechanismus etc), funktionieren:
    run hot (sich) heiß laufen;
    with the engine running mit laufendem Motor
    18. in Betrieb sein (Hotel, Fabrik etc)
    19. zer-, auslaufen (Farbe)
    20. triefen oder tropfen ( with vor Nässe etc), fließen, laufen (Nase), tränen (Augen):
    run with tears in Tränen schwimmen
    21. auslaufen (Gefäß)
    22. schmelzen (Metall etc):
    running ice tauendes Eis
    23. MED laufen, eitern
    a) wachsen, wuchern,
    b) klettern, ranken
    25. fluten, wogen:
    a heavy sea was running SCHIFF es lief eine schwere See
    26. besonders US laufen, fallen (Maschen), Laufmaschen bekommen (Strumpf etc), aufgehen (Naht)
    27. WIRTSCH
    a) laufen
    b) fällig werden (Wechsel etc)
    28. JUR gelten, in Kraft sein oder bleiben, laufen:
    the lease runs for 7 years der Pachtvertrag läuft auf 7 Jahre
    29. JUR verbunden oder gekoppelt sein ( with mit)
    30. (mit adj und s) werden, sein:
    a) versiegen (Quelle),
    b) austrocknen,
    c) keine Milch mehr geben (Kuh),
    d) fig erschöpft sein,
    e) fig sich ausgeschrieben haben (Autor); → high B 1, low1 A 5, riot A 4, short A 5, A 8, wild B
    31. WIRTSCH stehen auf (dat) (Preis, Ware)
    32. klein etc ausfallen:
    D v/t
    1. einen Weg etc laufen, einschlagen, eine Strecke etc durchlaufen (auch fig), zurücklegen:
    run its course fig seinen Verlauf nehmen;
    things must run their course man muss den Dingen ihren Lauf lassen
    2. fahren ( auch SCHIFF), eine Strecke be-, durchfahren:
    run 22 knots SCHIFF mit 22 Knoten fahren
    3. ein Rennen austragen, laufen, einen Wettlauf machen:
    run races Wettrennen veranstalten
    4. um die Wette laufen mit, laufen gegen
    5. fig sich messen mit:
    run sb close dicht herankommen an jemanden (a. fig)
    a) treiben, hetzen
    b) laufen lassen, (für ein Rennen auch) melden
    7. POL jemanden als Kandidaten aufstellen ( for für)
    8. JAGD jagen, eine Spur verfolgen (auch fig):
    a) einen Fuchs im Bau aufstöbern, bis in seinen Bau verfolgen,
    b) fig jemanden, etwas aufstöbern, ausfindig machen
    9. Botengänge, Besorgungen machen, Botschaften überbringen
    10. entfliehen (dat):
    run the country außer Landes flüchten
    11. passieren:
    run the guard ungesehen durch die Wache kommen; → blockade A 1
    12. Vieh
    a) treiben
    b) weiden lassen
    13. SCHIFF, BAHN etc fahren oder verkehren lassen, einen Sonderzug etc einsetzen
    14. befördern, transportieren
    15. Alkohol etc schmuggeln
    16. seine Finger etc laufen oder gleiten lassen ( over über akk):
    run one’s comb through one’s hair (sich) mit dem Kamm durchs Haar fahren
    17. TECH laufen oder rollen oder gleiten lassen
    18. einen Film laufen lassen
    19. eine Artikelserie etc veröffentlichen, bringen
    20. TECH eine Maschine etc laufen lassen, bedienen
    21. einen Betrieb etc verwalten, führen, leiten, ein Geschäft, eine Fabrik etc betreiben:
    run the household den Haushalt führen oder schmeißen; → show A 15
    22. hineingeraten (lassen) in (akk):
    run debts Schulden machen;
    run the danger of (ger) Gefahr laufen zu (inf); → risk A 1
    23. geben, fließen lassen, Wasser etc führen (Leitung):
    this faucet runs hot water aus diesem Hahn kommt heißes Wasser
    24. Gold etc (mit sich) führen (Fluss)
    25. Fieber, Temperatur haben
    26. a) Metall schmelzen
    b) verschmelzen
    c) Blei etc gießen
    27. stoßen, stechen ( beide:
    through durch): → run into B 1
    28. eine Linie, einen Graben etc ziehen, eine Straße etc anlegen, eine Brücke schlagen
    29. Bergbau: eine Strecke treiben
    30. ELEK eine Leitung verlegen, führen
    31. ein Bad, das Badewasser einlaufen lassen
    32. schieben, führen ( beide:
    through durch): → run into B 2
    33. (bei Spielen) eine bestimmte Punktzahl etc hintereinander erzielen:
    run fifteen auf fünfzehn (Punkte etc) kommen
    34. eine Schleuse öffnen:
    run dry leerlaufen lassen
    35. eine Naht etc mit Vorderstich nähen, heften
    36. jemanden belangen ( for wegen)
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Lauf, der

    make a late run — (Sport or fig.) zum Endspurt ansetzen

    come towards somebody/start off at a run — jemandem entgegenlaufen/losrennen

    2) (trip in vehicle) Fahrt, die; (for pleasure) Ausflug, der

    go for a run [in the car] — einen [Auto]ausflug machen

    3)

    she has had a long run of success — sie war lange [Zeit] erfolgreich

    have a long run — [Stück, Show:] viele Aufführungen erleben

    4) (succession) Serie, die; (Cards) Sequenz, die
    5) (tendency) Ablauf, der

    the general run of things/events — der Lauf der Dinge/der Gang der Ereignisse

    6) (regular route) Strecke, die
    7) (Cricket, Baseball) Lauf, der; Run, der

    production run — Ausstoß, der (Wirtsch.)

    9) (demand) Run, der (on auf + Akk.)
    10)

    the runs — (coll.): (diarrhoea) Durchmarsch, der (salopp)

    12) (animal enclosure) Auslauf, der
    2. intransitive verb,
    -nn-, ran, run
    1) laufen; (fast also) rennen

    run for the bus — laufen od. rennen, um den Bus zu kriegen (ugs.)

    2) (compete) laufen
    3) (hurry) laufen

    don't run to me when things go wrong — komm mir nicht angelaufen, wenn etwas schiefgeht (ugs.)

    4) (roll) laufen; [Ball, Kugel:] rollen, laufen
    5) (slide) laufen; [Schlitten, [Schiebe]tür:] gleiten
    6) (revolve) [Rad, Maschine:] laufen
    7) (flee) davonlaufen

    run between two places — [Zug, Bus:] zwischen zwei Orten verkehren

    run through one's head or mind — [Gedanken, Ideen:] einem durch den Kopf gehen

    10) (flow) laufen; [Fluss:] fließen

    run dry — [Fluss:] austrocknen; [Quelle:] versiegen

    run low or short — knapp werden; ausgehen

    11) (be current) [Vertrag, Theaterstück:] laufen
    12) (be present)

    run in the family — [Eigenschaft, Begabung:] in der Familie liegen

    13) (function) laufen

    keep/leave the engine running — den Motor laufen lassen/nicht abstellen

    the machine runs on batteries/oil — etc. die Maschine läuft mit Batterien/Öl usw.

    14) (have a course) [Straße, Bahnlinie:] verlaufen
    15) (have wording) lauten; [Geschichte:] gehen (fig.)

    inflation is running at 15 % — die Inflationsrate beläuft sich auf od. beträgt 15 %

    17) (seek election) kandidieren

    a shiver ran down my spine — ein Schau[d]er (geh.) lief mir den Rücken hinunter

    19) (spread undesirably) [Butter, Eis:] zerlaufen; (in washing) [Farben:] auslaufen
    20) (ladder) [Strumpf:] Laufmaschen bekommen
    3. transitive verb,
    -nn-, ran, run
    1) (cause to move) laufen lassen; (drive) fahren

    run one's hand/fingers through/along or over something — mit der Hand/den Fingern durch etwas fahren/über etwas (Akk.) streichen

    run an or one's eye along or down or over something — (fig.) etwas überfliegen

    2) (cause to flow) [ein]laufen lassen
    3) (organize, manage) führen, leiten [Geschäft usw.]; durchführen [Experiment]; veranstalten [Wettbewerb]; führen [Leben]
    4) (operate) bedienen [Maschine]; verkehren lassen [Verkehrsmittel]; einsetzen [Sonderbus, -zug]; laufen lassen [Motor]; abspielen [Tonband]

    run forward/back — vorwärts-/zurückspulen [Film, Tonband]

    5) (own and use) sich (Dat.) halten [Auto]

    I'll run you into town — ich fahre od. bringe dich in die Stadt

    7) (pursue) jagen

    run somebody hard or close — jemandem auf den Fersen sein od. sitzen (ugs.)

    be run off one's feet — alle Hände voll zu tun haben (ugs.); (in business) Hochbetrieb haben (ugs.); see also earth 1. 4)

    8) (complete) laufen [Rennen, Marathon, Strecke]

    run messages/errands — Botengänge machen

    9)

    run a fever/a temperature — Fieber/erhöhte Temperatur haben

    10) (publish) bringen (ugs.) [Bericht, Artikel usw.]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (of a ladder) n.
    Leitersprosse f. n.
    Fahrt -en f.
    Lauf -e m.
    Laufmasche f. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: ran, run)
    = laufen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: lief, ist gelaufen)
    rennen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: rannte, ist gerannt)

    English-german dictionary > run

  • 16 plain

    1. adjective
    1) (clear) klar; (obvious) offensichtlich

    make something plain [to somebody] — [jemandem] etwas klarmachen

    make it plain that... — klarstellen, dass...

    the reason is plain [to see] — der Grund liegt auf der Hand; see also academic.ru/24358/English">English 2. 1); pikestaff

    2) (frank, straightforward) ehrlich; offen; schlicht [Wahrheit]

    be plain with somebody — mit jemandem od. jemandem gegenüber offen sein

    be [all] plain sailing — (fig.) [ganz] einfach sein

    3) (unsophisticated) einfach; schlicht [Kleidung, Frisur]; klar [Wasser]; einfach, bescheiden [Lebensstil]; (not lined) unliniert [Papier]; (not patterned) [Stoff] ohne Muster
    4) (unattractive) wenig attraktiv [Mädchen]
    5) (sheer) rein
    2. adverb
    1) (clearly) deutlich
    2) (simply) einfach
    3. noun
    1) Ebene, die
    2) (Knitting) rechte Masche
    * * *
    [plein] 1. adjective
    1) (simple or ordinary; without ornament or decoration: plain living; good, plain food.) einfach
    2) (easy to understand; clear: His words were quite plain.) klar
    3) (absolutely open or honest, with no attempt to be tactful: I'll be quite plain with you; plain speaking.) ehrlich
    4) (obvious: It's plain (to see) you haven't been practising your music.) klar
    5) (not pretty: a rather plain girl.) unscheinbar
    2. noun
    1) (a large flat level piece of land: the plains of central Canada.) das Flachland
    2) (a kind of knitting stitch.) der Flachstich
    •
    - plainly
    - plainness
    - plain chocolate
    - plain clothes
    - plain sailing
    - plain-spoken
    - in plain English
    * * *
    [pleɪn]
    I. adj
    1. (simple) einfach; (not flavoured) natur nach n
    \plain food einfaches Essen
    my father says he likes good \plain food mein Vater sagt, er isst gerne einfache Hausmannskost
    \plain omelette Omelette nature f
    \plain paper (unlined) unliniertes Papier; (of one colour) einfarbiges Papier
    \plain yoghurt Naturjoghurt m o nt
    2. (uncomplicated) einfach
    \plain folks [or people] einfache Leute
    \plain and simple ganz einfach
    3. (clear) klar, offensichtlich
    her meaning was \plain es war klar, was sie meinte
    it's \plain that they... sie wollen ganz offensichtlich, dass...
    the sign was \plain enough — we just didn't see it das Schild war klar und deutlich — wir haben es nur einfach übersehen
    to be perfectly \plain ganz offensichtlich sein
    the reason is perfectly \plain der Grund liegt auf der Hand
    to make sth \plain etw klarstellen
    have I made myself \plain to you? habe ich mich klar ausgedrückt?
    ▪ to be \plain with sb jdm gegenüber [ganz] offen sein
    4. attr, inv (sheer) rein, pur
    it was \plain torture es war die reinste Tortur
    the \plain truth is that... die traurige Wahrheit ist, dass...
    5. (unattractive) unscheinbar, unansehnlich
    \plain Jane Mauerblümchen nt
    6.
    ▶ to be as \plain as the nose on one's face [or BRIT also as a pikestaff] ganz offensichtlich [o ÖSTERR fam a. sonnenklar] sein, klar wie Kloßbrühe sein BRD fam
    II. adv
    1. (simply) ohne großen Aufwand
    the fish had been grilled and served \plain der Fisch war gegrillt und kam ohne weitere Zutaten auf den Tisch
    2. ( fam: downright) einfach
    \plain awful einfach furchtbar
    III. n
    1. (area of flat land) Ebene f
    ▪ the \plains pl die Ebene, das Flachland kein pl
    the Great P\plains die Great Plains (in den USA)
    2. (in knitting) rechte Masche
    * * *
    [pleɪn]
    1. adj (+er)
    1) klar; (= obvious) offensichtlich, klar; tracks, differences deutlich

    it is plain to see that... — es ist offensichtlich, dass...

    I'd like to make it quite plain that... — ich möchte gern klarstellen, dass...

    to make one's view plain — seine Meinung klar zum Ausdruck bringen

    2) (= frank, straightforward) question, answer klar; truth schlicht; statement klar, deutlich

    to be plain with sb —

    in plain language or English — unmissverständlich, auf gut Deutsch

    in plain language or English, the answer is no — um es klar or auf gut Deutsch zu sagen: die Antwort ist nein

    it won't all be plain sailing — es wird gar nicht so einfach sein

    3) (= simple, with nothing added) einfach; dress, design, living schlicht, einfach; cooking, food (gut)bürgerlich; cook einfach, gutbürgerlich; water klar; paper unliniert; envelope einfach; colour einheitlich; cigarette filterlos, ohne Filter

    or color (US) — einfarbig, uni pred

    under plain cover — in neutraler Verpackung

    4) (= sheer) rein; nonsense etc rein, völlig, blank (inf)
    5) (= not beautiful) person, appearance, face unattraktiv
    2. adv
    1) (inf: simply, completely) (ganz) einfach

    plain stupid/wrong — einfach dumm/falsch

    2)
    3. n
    1) (GEOG) Ebene f, Flachland nt

    the plains — das Flachland, die Ebene; (in North America) die Prärie

    2) (KNITTING) rechte Masche
    * * *
    plain1 [pleın]
    A adj (adv plainly)
    1. einfach, gewöhnlich, schlicht:
    plain clothes pl Zivil(kleidung) n(f);
    in plain clothes in Zivil;
    plain cooking gutbürgerliche Küche;
    plain fare Hausmannskost f;
    plain living schlichte oder einfache Lebensweise;
    plain paper unlin(i)iertes Papier;
    plain postcard gewöhnliche Postkarte;
    plain scale natürlicher Maßstab;
    plain yogurt Naturjoghurt m/n; → cover A 8
    2. schlicht, schmucklos, kahl (Zimmer etc), ungemustert, einfarbig (Stoff), unkoloriert (Fotos etc), glatt (Spitzen etc):
    plain knitting Rechts-, Glattstrickerei f;
    plain sewing Weißnäherei f
    3. unscheinbar, farb-, reizlos, wenig anziehend:
    a plain girl ein reizloses Mädchen; → Jane A
    4. klar (u. deutlich), unmissverständlich, offen:
    in plain terms rundheraus (gesagt);
    the plain truth die nackte Wahrheit
    5. klar, offensichtlich, offenbar, -kundig, deutlich, leicht verständlich:
    a) ohne Umschweife, klipp und klar,
    b) Telegrafie etc im Klartext, offen, unverschlüsselt;
    make sth plain etwas klarstellen;
    a) jemandem etwas klarmachen,
    b) jemandem etwas klar zu verstehen geben;
    make o.s. ( oder one’s meaning) plain sich klar ausdrücken, sich verständlich machen
    6. unverdünnt, pur (alkoholisches Getränk)
    7. ausgesprochen, rein, bar (Unsinn etc):
    plain folly heller Wahnsinn
    8. offen (u. ehrlich):
    plain dealing Redlichkeit f;
    be plain with sb jemandem gegenüber offen sein
    9. a) mittelmäßig, unbedeutend, Durchschnitts…
    b) → sailing A 1
    10. METALL unlegiert (Stahl)
    11. besonders US eben, flach, auch TECH glatt:
    plain country flaches Land;
    plain bearing Gleitlager n;
    plain fit Schlichtpassung f;
    plain roll Glattwalze f
    B adv umg völlig:
    he’s just plain stupid er ist ganz einfach dumm
    C s
    1. Ebene f, Flachland n
    2. the Plains pl US die Prärie
    plain2 [pleın] v/i obs oder poet (weh)klagen
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (clear) klar; (obvious) offensichtlich

    make something plain [to somebody] — [jemandem] etwas klarmachen

    make it plain that... — klarstellen, dass...

    the reason is plain [to see] — der Grund liegt auf der Hand; see also English 2. 1); pikestaff

    2) (frank, straightforward) ehrlich; offen; schlicht [Wahrheit]

    be plain with somebody — mit jemandem od. jemandem gegenüber offen sein

    be [all] plain sailing — (fig.) [ganz] einfach sein

    3) (unsophisticated) einfach; schlicht [Kleidung, Frisur]; klar [Wasser]; einfach, bescheiden [Lebensstil]; (not lined) unliniert [Papier]; (not patterned) [Stoff] ohne Muster
    4) (unattractive) wenig attraktiv [Mädchen]
    5) (sheer) rein
    2. adverb
    1) (clearly) deutlich
    2) (simply) einfach
    3. noun
    1) Ebene, die
    2) (Knitting) rechte Masche
    * * *
    adj.
    ehrlich adj.
    einfach adj.
    einfarbig adj.
    flach adj.
    leicht verständlich adj.
    vollständig adj. n.
    Ebene -n f.

    English-german dictionary > plain

  • 17 class

    1. plural - classes; noun
    1) (a group of people or things that are alike in some way: The dog won first prize in its class in the dog show.) clase
    2) ((the system according to which people belong to) one of a number of economic/social groups: the upper class; the middle class; the working class; (also adjective) the class system.) clase
    3) (a grade or rank (of merit): musicians of a high class.) clase
    4) (a number of students or scholars taught together: John and I are in the same class.) clase
    5) (a school lesson or college lecture etc: a French class.) clase
    6) ((American) a course or series of lectures, often leading to an examination.) clase, lección

    2. verb
    (to regard as being of a certain type: He classes all women as stupid.) clasificar
    - class-room
    class n clase
    what class are you in? ¿en qué clase estás?
    tr[klɑːs]
    ■ working/middle/upper class clase obrera/media/alta
    2 SMALLEDUCATION/SMALL clase nombre femenino
    3 (kind) clase nombre femenino, tipo
    4 (of plant, animal) clase nombre femenino
    5 (style) clase nombre femenino, estilo
    1 clasificar, catalogar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be in a class of its/one's own no tener igual, ser único,-a, ser inigualable
    the class struggle la lucha de clases
    class ['klæs] vt
    : clasificar, catalogar
    1) kind, type: clase f, tipo m, especie f
    2) : clase f, rango m social
    the working class: la clase obrera
    3) lesson: clase f, curso m
    English class: clase de inglés
    4) : conjunto m de estudiantes, clase f
    the class of '97: la promoción del 97
    n.
    (§ pl.: classes) = categoría s.f.
    • clase s.f.
    • elegancia s.f.
    • estado s.m.
    • estofa s.f.
    • grado s.m.
    • género s.m.
    • linaje s.m.
    • línea s.f.
    • rango s.m.
    • tipo s.m.
    v.
    • clasificar v.

    I klæs, klɑːs
    1) c u ( social stratum) clase f; (before n)
    2) c ( group of students) clase f; ( lesson) clase f
    3) c (group, type) clase f

    to be in a class of one's/its own — ser* único or inigualable

    4) u
    a) ( Transp) clase f
    b) ( in UK) ( Post)

    send the letter first/second class — manda la carta por correo preferente/normal

    c) ( in UK) ( Educ) tipo de título que se concede según las calificaciones obtenidas durante la carrera y/o exámenes finales; (before n)

    he got a first class degree — ≈se recibió con la nota más alta ( en AmL), ≈sacó matrícula de honor en la carrera ( en Esp)

    5) u ( style) (colloq) clase f, estilo m

    II
    transitive verb catalogar*
    [klɑːs]
    1. N
    1) (also Scol, Bio, Sociol) clase f

    ruling/middle/working class — clase f dirigente/media/obrera

    upper class — clase f alta

    2) (=category) categoría f

    class of degree — (Brit) (Univ) tipo de título universitario según la nota con que se ha obtenido

    it's in a class by itself — no tiene par or igual, es único en su género

    3) (=style)
    2.
    3.
    ADJ (=classy) [player, actor] de primera clase
    4.
    CPD

    class action N — (Jur) querella f colectiva

    class background N — (=social class) clase f social

    class conflict N — conflicto m de clases

    class differences NPL — diferencias fpl de clases

    class distinction N — (Sociol) diferencia f de clase

    class list N — (Scol) lista f de clase; (Univ) lista f de estudiantes aprobados para la licenciatura

    class president N — (US) ≈ delegado(-a) m / f de clase

    class society N — (Pol) sociedad f formada por clases

    class struggle N — (Sociol) lucha f de clases

    class system N — sistema m de clases sociales

    class teacher N — (Brit) tutor(a) m / f

    class war(fare) N — = class struggle

    * * *

    I [klæs, klɑːs]
    1) c u ( social stratum) clase f; (before n)
    2) c ( group of students) clase f; ( lesson) clase f
    3) c (group, type) clase f

    to be in a class of one's/its own — ser* único or inigualable

    4) u
    a) ( Transp) clase f
    b) ( in UK) ( Post)

    send the letter first/second class — manda la carta por correo preferente/normal

    c) ( in UK) ( Educ) tipo de título que se concede según las calificaciones obtenidas durante la carrera y/o exámenes finales; (before n)

    he got a first class degree — ≈se recibió con la nota más alta ( en AmL), ≈sacó matrícula de honor en la carrera ( en Esp)

    5) u ( style) (colloq) clase f, estilo m

    II
    transitive verb catalogar*

    English-spanish dictionary > class

  • 18 make up

    1) (to invent: He made up the whole story.) inventar
    2) (to compose or be part(s) of: The group was made up of doctors and lawyers.) componer, formar, integrar
    3) (to complete: We need one more player - will you make up the number(s)?) completar
    4) (to apply cosmetics to (the face): I don't like to see women making up (their faces) in public.) maquillar
    5) (to become friends again (after a quarrel etc): They've finally made up (their disagreement).) hacer las paces, reconciliarse
    make up1 n maquillaje
    make up2 vb
    1. inventar
    2. hacer las paces
    1) invent: inventar
    2) : recuperar
    she made up the time: recuperó las horas perdidas
    reconcile: hacer las paces, reconciliarse
    v.
    • compaginar v.
    • enjalbegar v.
    • inventar v.
    • jalbegar v.
    • maquillar v.
    1) v + o + adv, v + adv + o
    \<\<story/excuse\>\> inventar
    2)
    a) (assemble, prepare) \<\<prescription/food parcel\>\> preparar

    to make up a sweater — coser or armar un suéter

    b) ( draw up) \<\<agenda/list\>\> hacer*
    3)
    a) (complete, add) completar

    I'll take the afternoon off, and make up the time later — me tomaré la tarde libre y ya recuperaré el tiempo más tarde; see also make up for

    4) v + adv + o ( constitute) formar
    5) v + adv, v + o + adv ( achieve reconciliation)

    to make (it) up (with somebody) — hacer* las paces (con alguien), reconciliarse (con alguien)

    6)
    a) v + adv ( with cosmetics) maquillarse, pintarse
    b) v + adv + o, v + o + adv \<\<person/eyes\>\> maquillar, pintar; \<\<actor\>\> maquillar, caracterizar*

    to make oneself up — maquillarse, pintarse

    1. VT + ADV
    1) (=invent) inventar(se)

    • you're making it up! — ¡te lo estás inventando!

    2) (=put together, prepare) [+ list] hacer, preparar; [+ parcel, bed] hacer; [+ medicine] preparar; [+ collection] formar, reunir; [+ sweater, dress] montar y coser

    • I'll make up a bed for him on the sofa — le haré una cama en el sofá

    • the chemist's where I went to get the prescription made up — la farmacia a la que fui para que me preparasen la medicina

    3) (=settle)

    • to make up one's differences (with sb) — resolver sus diferencias (con algn)

    • to make it up with sb — hacer las paces con algn, reconciliarse con algn

    • they'd made up their quarrel — se habían reconciliado

    4) (=complete) completar

    • I paid £200 and my parents made up the difference — pagué 200 libras y mis padres pusieron la diferencia

    • we need someone to make up the numbers — necesitamos a alguien para completar el grupo

    5) (=decide)

    • to make up one's mind — decidirse

    6) (=compensate for, replace) [+ loss] compensar; [+ deficit] cubrir

    • I'd like to make it up to him for spoiling his birthday — me gustaría compensarle por haberle estropeado el cumpleaños

    • to make up (lost) time — recuperar el tiempo perdido

    7) (=constitute) componer

    women make up 13% of the police force — las mujeres componen el 13% del cuerpo de policía

    it is made up of 6 parts — lo componen 6 partes, está compuesto de 6 partes

    the group was made up of parents, teachers and doctors — el grupo lo componían or integraban padres, profesores y médicos

    8) (with cosmetics) [+ actor] maquillar

    to make o.s. up — maquillarse, pintarse

    9) [+ fire] (with coal) echar carbón a; (with wood) echar madera or leña a
    2. VI + ADV
    1) (after quarrelling) hacer las paces, reconciliarse
    2) (=apply cosmetics) maquillarse, pintarse
    * * *
    1) v + o + adv, v + adv + o
    \<\<story/excuse\>\> inventar
    2)
    a) (assemble, prepare) \<\<prescription/food parcel\>\> preparar

    to make up a sweater — coser or armar un suéter

    b) ( draw up) \<\<agenda/list\>\> hacer*
    3)
    a) (complete, add) completar

    I'll take the afternoon off, and make up the time later — me tomaré la tarde libre y ya recuperaré el tiempo más tarde; see also make up for

    4) v + adv + o ( constitute) formar
    5) v + adv, v + o + adv ( achieve reconciliation)

    to make (it) up (with somebody) — hacer* las paces (con alguien), reconciliarse (con alguien)

    6)
    a) v + adv ( with cosmetics) maquillarse, pintarse
    b) v + adv + o, v + o + adv \<\<person/eyes\>\> maquillar, pintar; \<\<actor\>\> maquillar, caracterizar*

    to make oneself up — maquillarse, pintarse

    English-spanish dictionary > make up

  • 19 bury

    transitive verb
    1) begraben; beisetzen (geh.) [Toten]

    where is Marx buried? — wo ist od. liegt Marx begraben?

    2) (hide) vergraben; (fig.) begraben

    bury the hatchet or (Amer.) tomahawk — (fig.) das Kriegsbeil begraben

    bury one's face in one's hands — das Gesicht in den Händen vergraben

    3) (bring underground) eingraben; abdecken [Wurzeln]

    the houses were buried by a landslide — die Häuser wurden durch einen Erdrutsch verschüttet

    4) (plunge)

    bury one's teeth in something — seine Zähne in etwas (Akk.) graben od. schlagen

    5)

    bury oneself in one's studies/books — sich in seine Studien vertiefen/in seinen Büchern vergraben

    * * *
    ['beri]
    1) (to place (a dead body) in a grave, the sea etc.) begraben
    2) (to hide (under the ground etc): My socks are buried somewhere in this drawer.) verbergen
    •
    - academic.ru/9679/burial">burial
    - bury the hatchet
    * * *
    <- ie->
    [ˈberi]
    vt
    1. (put underground)
    ▪ to \bury sb jdn begraben
    ▪ to \bury sth etw vergraben
    to be buried alive lebendig begraben sein
    2. ( fig: hide)
    ▪ to \bury sth etw verbergen
    she buried her face in her hands sie vergrub ihr Gesicht in den Händen
    to \bury one's pain seine Schmerzen nicht zeigen
    3. (engross)
    to \bury oneself in one's book/one's work sich akk in sein Buch/seine Arbeit versenken
    to be buried in one's book/thoughts/work ganz in sein Buch/seine Gedanken/seine Arbeit versunken [o vertieft] sein
    4.
    ▶ to \bury the hatchet das Kriegsbeil begraben
    ▶ to \bury one's head in the sand den Kopf in den Sand stecken
    * * *
    ['berɪ]
    vt
    1) person, animal, possessions, differences begraben; (with ceremony also) beerdigen, bestatten (geh); (= hide in earth) treasure, bones vergraben; (= put in earth) end of post, roots eingraben

    where is he buried? — wo liegt or ist er begraben?; (in cemetery also) wo liegt er?

    to bury sb at sea — jdn auf See bestatten (geh), jdm ein Seemannsgrab geben

    she has buried three husbands (fig) — sie hat schon drei Männer begraben (inf)

    to be buried in work (fig) — bis zum Hals in Arbeit stecken

    2) (= conceal) one's face verbergen

    to bury one's face in one's hands —

    to bury oneself under the blankets/(away) in the country — sich unter den Decken/auf dem Land vergraben

    a village buried in the heart of the country — ein im Landesinnern versteckt gelegenes Dorf

    3) (= put, plunge) hands, fingers vergraben (in in +dat); claws, teeth schlagen (in in +acc); dagger stoßen (in in +acc)
    4)

    (= engross) to bury oneself in one's books — sich in seinen Büchern vergraben

    * * *
    bury [ˈberı] v/t
    1. ver-, eingraben, (ver)senken, ELEK, TECH in die Erde verlegen:
    bury one’s face in the pillows sein Gesicht in den oder die Kissen vergraben;
    bury o.s. ( away oder alive) in the country fig sich auf dem Land vergraben;
    buried cable TECH Erdkabel n;
    buried wire ELEK Unterputzleitung f; → hatchet 2, head Bes Redew
    2. begraben, beerdigen, bestatten:
    a) lebendig begraben werden,
    b) verschüttet werden;
    she has buried three husbands sie hat (schon) drei Männer überlebt
    3. verschütten, begraben:
    be buried in ( oder under) work bis über den Hals in Arbeit stecken
    4. fig einen Streit etc begraben, vergessen:
    bury the past einen Schlussstrich unter die Vergangenheit ziehen
    5. bury o.s. sich vertiefen oder versenken (in in akk):
    be buried in vertieft sein in (akk);
    be buried in thought(s) gedankenversunken oder in Gedanken versunken sein
    * * *
    transitive verb
    1) begraben; beisetzen (geh.) [Toten]

    where is Marx buried? — wo ist od. liegt Marx begraben?

    2) (hide) vergraben; (fig.) begraben

    bury the hatchet or (Amer.) tomahawk — (fig.) das Kriegsbeil begraben

    3) (bring underground) eingraben; abdecken [Wurzeln]
    5)

    bury oneself in one's studies/books — sich in seine Studien vertiefen/in seinen Büchern vergraben

    * * *
    v.
    beerdigen v.
    begraben v.
    verbergen v.
    vergraben v.

    English-german dictionary > bury

  • 20 Banu Musa ibn Shakir

    [br]
    fl. c.850
    [br]
    Arab astronomers and engineers.
    [br]
    The Banu were the three sons of Musa ibn Shakir. His origins were unpromising, for he was a robber, but the caliph al-Ma'mun, a great patron of science and learning, took the sons into his academy and had them educated. The eldest and most prominent, Muhammed, took up the study of geometry, logic and astronomy, while another, al- Hasan, also studied geometry. The third, Ahmad, turned to mechanics. Together, the Banu established a group for the translation of texts from antiquity, especially Greece, on science and mechanics. They were responsible for compiling the Kitab al-Hiyal (Book of Ingenious Devices), the first of two major works on mechanics that appeared in the medieval Islamic world. The authors drew freely from earlier Greek writers, particularly Hero and Philon. The work is a technical manual for making devices such as lamps, pipes in spring wells and drinking vessels, most depending on differences in air pressure generated by the movement of liquids. These principles were applied to make a self-filling oil lamp. The work also demonstrated the lifting of heavy weights by means of pulleys. In another work, the Qarastun (Book of the Balance), the Banu showed how different weights could be balanced by varying the distance from the fulcrum.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Banu Musa ibn Shakir

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

  • Differences between Malaysian and Indonesian — The differences between Malaysian (Bahasa Malaysia) or Malay (Bahasa Melayu) and Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) are significantly greater than those between British English and American English. They are roughly mutually intelligible, but with… …   Wikipedia

  • Differences between Malay and Indonesian — The differences between Malay ( Bahasa Melayu or Bahasa Malaysia ) and Indonesian ( Bahasa Indonesia ) are slightly greater than those between British English and American English. They are mutually intelligible, but with differences in spelling …   Wikipedia

  • Differences between General American and Received Pronunciation — Differences between American and British English American English …   Wikipedia

  • Differences between mp4 & 3gpp file format — Differences in MP4 3GPP (Audio) file formats: # 3GP is a simplified version of the MPEG 4 Part 14 (MP4) container format, designed to decrease storage and bandwidth requirements in order to accommodate mobile phones. # 3GPP stores video streams… …   Wikipedia

  • Differences between Spanish and Portuguese — Although Portuguese and Spanish are closely related, to the point of having a considerable degree of mutual intelligibility, there are also important differences between them, which can pose difficulties for people acquainted with one of the… …   Wikipedia

  • Differences in versions of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy — The Hitchhiker s Guide to the Galaxy has appeared in nine different versions since its original radio series in 1978. After the radio series, it was adapted for stage plays, novels, re recorded on LP records, adapted again for television, a… …   Wikipedia

  • Differences between Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish — Danish and Norwegian Bokmål (the most common standard form of written Norwegian) are very similar languages, but differences between them do exist. The languages are mutually intelligible, with the primary differences being in pronunciation and… …   Wikipedia

  • Differences between Afrikaans and Dutch — Dutch and Afrikaans Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch[1][2][3] …   Wikipedia

  • Differences between standard Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian — South Slavic languages and dialects Western South Slavic Sl …   Wikipedia

  • Differences between Scottish Gaelic and Irish — Scottish Gaelic is closely related to Irish. Most dialects are not immediately mutually comprehensible[citation needed], though many individual words and phrases are, and speakers of the two languages can rapidly develop mutual intelligibility.… …   Wikipedia

  • Differences between standard Croatian, Serbian and Bosnian — The standard Croatian, Serbian, and Bosnian languages differ in various aspects as outlined below. The various nuances do not present major obstacles to communication.After the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the languages of Croats and Serbs went… …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»